Decision of Allowing the Procurement of Used Items Essay

Discussing the pros on the decision of allowing the procurance of apply items in in the unrestricted eye(predicate) sector (PPA 2011)* It is economical This is because of the liquidity crisis and improvements in product quality overcome thereof some governances ar opting for secondhand purchases. The current update in this regard is that, According to BBC News (Feb2009) the Indonesian military is currently negotiating with the US Army to purchase secondhand F-16 fighter jets in a raise to modernize its air power military capability. Mark you Indonesia is the largest economy in Southeast Asia and one of the dynamic emerging markets in the world. The country is too a member of the elite G-20 major economies. Quality control specially technically aircraft never get old as such(prenominal) because they are meet international standards and principles that govern air transport.* It is affordable to procure at low cost of acquisition, in subject field of emergencies circumstanc es to rescue situations curiously those of public interest, the* brass should allow procurement of employ equipment under transcendent circumstances to serve people, that are evaluated on case by case basis procurement in the need The Bank understands that the decision betwixt the outright purchase and lease arrangements depend on the economic dismissal and benefits, however, given the potential risk associated with used equipment, the government should consider leasing as the preferred alternative only in emergency.* It helps and is the way to go if the government is to fulfill its obligations as far as capital intensive investments are concerned. Purchasing secondhand machines suited Tanzania at the moment because many countries were applying the homogeneous strategy on costly machines such as planes, train engines and ships.* Equipment whitethorn be available immediately, that result to shorten procurement process of acquiring used equipment, compared to the timerequired f or the acquisition of new equipment because it involves ordering which took sometimes up to delivery period.Discuss the cons on the decision of allowing the procurement of used items in public sector (PPA 2011)* May lead to procure worthless quality items that do not meet intended purpose that is accomplishment requirements of the goods, and minimum standards for age, residual economic life, and quality of materials. That might result in massive economic losses this is refer to the economic life round of golf of goods procured. Since they forget not be expected to originate from Tanzania, it will be difficult to get authenticated record of the time they had been used and restrict at the time of sale.* Failure of getting loans from world Bank at deficit circumstances, this is according to World Bank Procurement Manual brief (2001)- Procurement of brand new Goods policy, which explain that it the Banks universal Policy is to finance the procurement of new goods only. Borrowers procurement should be to the new.* Procurement of used goods does not correspond to the principles of value for money, since the experience in the country has shown there were no credible personnel to undertake such kind of purchasing with evidence of quality of such used items together with its residual value, relevant to the cost of purchase/money spend on buying.* Creation of a fertile ground for uncontrolled corruption because the government/institutions functionaries might use this loophole to buy junk equipment through underhand methods then causes great losses to the taxpayers.* Higher running expenses, It is cost fully in case of running expenses such as maintenance and service for used item than for brand new equipment, when government institutions decides to purchase used items, will result to incur a lot of money spending on frequently buying costly spare parts andmaintenance as a result to high total cost of operation hence less productivity.SummaryThe decision of all owing the procurement of used items in public sector have their respective advantages and disadvantages to the national economy and general mixer welfare issues as follows. The advantages of procurement of used items are it is economical, It is affordable payable to low cost of acquisition, Used equipment may be available immediately, procurement of more items for the same budget, improves transparency and integrity. The disadvantages are Lack of competitive bidding, reverse of getting loans from world Bank, May lead to procure poor quality, does not correspond to the principles of value for money, Creation of a fertile ground for rampant corruption, and Higher running expenses.

Racism and Slavery in America Essay

The spring of carry and slaveholding in northern America is often viewed chronologically. Historians be divided on their side as to whether or non racial secernment may be considered as the root cause of thralldom. While roughly agree on this, others argue that thraldom in incident had zip fastener to do with the origins of racialism and that in retrospect, bondage when legalized actually facilitated racial discrimination. Howalways, the question is not genius of antecedence because essentially the sociable differences including rituals, religion, and language on with inequalities of situation between the Europeans and Afri advises together gave way to racism and slavery.Hence it would be aggrieve to divide North America in the seventeenth century into the devil binaries of lead and slavery and consider these realms as mutually exclusive. It was not fair racism that made Africans slaves or slavery that made Europeans racialist. Rather, the interaction of diffe rences in carry and power construction created a realm where distri saveively overlaps and influences iodin other. The two arguments presented by scholars atomic number 18 true yet they atomic number 18 impertinent if viewed from the perspective of causality.This suggests that for both the standpoints to hold true, the occurrence of racism and slavery had to be during the aforesaid(prenominal) period in history, not preceding one another. consequently, this reputation explores the idea that slavery and racism cannot be seen in a consanguinity of causality. Instead, slavery and racism are iterative terms, i. e. they are the products of a too large number of small unconscious acts and interactive social engagements.As Canessa asserts that each iteration reinforces or undermines a particular identity, but any(prenominal) hit act is un resemblingly to have a major effect, it suggests that uncomplete racism or slavery preceded each other, but rather they certain and influ enced each other as a afford of the interactions between Europeans and Africans. The image of iteration can be understood by exploring the two contrastive positions that various scholars hold. The first stance that racism preceded slavery, demands an explanation of the word race itself.The definition of race includes the biological description of ones phenotype and their transmissible set up. This description often leads to the physiognomic differences which generalize the behavior and social standing(a) of people. Gleaning from this idea of race, it is not a surprise to find that the incline draw negros as savages and tempestuous using their ethnocentric lens of what it meant to be down. They utilize the criteria of people of color, religion, rituals and stinting and social pre status to demarcate the racial identities as superior or inferior.Carl N. Delger questions the view of scholars who believe that racism was a contribute of legalized slavery by asserting that e ven if one believes that slavery evolved as a legal condition, it reflected and included as a part of its essence, the same (racial) discrimination which innocence men had practiced against the negro all along and forrader any laws decreed it. Carl Delgers argument explicitly states that the anti-Semite(a) attitude of Whites was the root cause for the origination of slavery.He says that long before slavery or inexorable labor became an important part of the gray economy, a special and inferior status had been worked issue for the Negroes who came to the English colonies. decidedly it was a demand for labor which dragged the Negro to American shores, but the status which he acquired here cannot be explained by reference to that economic motive. He claims that although slavery was legalized half a century after the and terms like slave were not apply to define Negros, their treatment wasnt any better.Many scholars like Carl N.Degler argue that the Whites were inherently r acist and practiced racism on everyone who belonged to a different race. This trait is evident because before the Whites had black slaves, they practiced slavery on Indigenous Indians and on flannel destined labor that included Irish, Polish, Jews, and Germans. Thus, an inferior and onerous service was established for the Indian makes it plausible to suppose that a mistakable status would be reserved for the equally different and pagan Negro. I agree with his assumption because it suggests that racism was not something that was new to English when they brought the Negros.However, once the Whites enslaved the Africans, they grew less severe towards the white servants. The evidence for his argument comes from a variety of sources. Degler provides the example where the differences in status between an English servant and Negro were reflected not only at a public level but in the private lives of Negros as well. Degler asserts that not only the company (some European trading compan y) distrusted the Negros but some whites even held on to Negros as slaves for life as early 1630s and their slavery was inheritable.Thus, Carl Degler argues that all the statutes that were enforced after 1660s, were nothing but a result of the racist ideologies that forced the English to make such brutal and discriminatory fairnesss. Moreover, historians like Winthrop D. Jordan assert that the heathenism of Negros was an important component which invited a racially discriminatory reaction from the English. He asserts that besides the physiological differences like color of the skin, factors like cultural practices and religious beliefs constituted the notions of racism.He explains that the English believed that, to be Christian was to be civilized rather than barbarous, English rather than African, white rather than blackBy this time, Christianity had somehow become intimately and explicitly linked with complexion. However, heathenism alone could not have been the sole cause for enslavement, because it was easily terminated as soon as the Negro was converted into a Christian. Hence, Winthrop asserts that it was, virtually every quality in the Negro (that) invited pejorative feelings.Along with heathenism, the language, gestures and eating habits of Negros were strikingly different from the English, and contributed towards the notion of savages and barbaric. However, there is opposition to the correlation between the racial discrimination and slavery. Carl Delger and Winthrop are in complete contrast with the ideologies that Kathleen chocolate-brown, Edmund Morgan and Oscar and Mary F. Handlin believe in. Although the latter do not cover that racism was a part of American golf club in the 17th century, they attribute different causal agents for its presence.Instead of attributing the inherent racism as the cause of slavery, they believe that the motivation for economic prosperity lead Whites to become racist, stringent and discriminatory towards the ens laved Africans. Although the former group of scholars asserts that, the development of a form of slavery, which left a caste in its wake, cannot be attributed to pinch from increasing numbers of blacks, or even from an insistent demand for catchpenny(prenominal) labor, the latter group scarcelyifies the very statement as truth.The reason for the increased discrimination and control comes from the fact that unlike before, the Europeans grew more than ever ambitious with Africa as a trading partner which would be used to amass great wealth. Kathleen Brown, who argues that slavery preceded racism, asserts that there is a fundamental occupation in viewing the idea of race in the context of just appearances. She asserts that often historians perceive race as a biological fact rather than as an ongoing historical and cultural construction When legal, literary, and moneymaking(a) discourses of race are examined along with actual practices of coerced labor, the relationship between sl avery and racism becomes much more complicated, defying our efforts to designate one as a cause of the other. Brown attaches the imagination of historical construction to define race in order to undo the myth of causality which states that racism preceded slavery. Her stance is agreeable because even if one considers Whites to be innately racist, one cannot deny that there could be more motivation and incentives, apart from racism, to practice slavery.Moreover, a racial identity, correspond to Kathleen Brown and Winthrop Jordon, is created from factors like socio-economic structures and not just phenotype. Thus racism was not the root cause of slavery. Hence the racial discrimination of the Negros and their consequential enslavement was merely a means to achieve the force out of White objectives of economic change stateth was possible by enlisting more fat labor. This assumption can be verified because slavery in America did not begin until the end of seventeenth century when in fact, the Africans were brought as early as 1619.Edmund Morgan explains that the reason behind this delay in enslaving Africans, was the high mortality among immigrants to Virginia This made the white indentured slaves more positive as compared to black slave labor because they were less expensive with showtime mortality rate. According to Oscar and Mary F. Handlin, the black slaves were in fact undesired by the colonists. The costs of hiring Black slaves were higher because they were unskilled and ran the risks of mortality, escape and rebellion.This political theory clearly reflects that the motive of the colonist was only to maximize their profits and grow more as a powerful entity by effectively compulsive the colonized. Hence, they were able to maximize productivity successfully by keeping whites as servants. The need for black slaves grew much later and racism was born(p) out of legalizing slavery. The racist and discriminatory mentality that developed is evident in th e laws that the English established after 1660s.These laws were the methods and ways to control the blacks and subjugate them to a tear down social status. The 1668 statute was an important event in the creation of a distinctive legal meaning for Negro in America. This law took onward the freedom of every black slave by subjecting them to life-long slave tenure. Kathleen Brown explains that this law was especially discriminatory for women because all black women were asked to pay the tax revenuees, regardless of their status as free or enslaved. The consequence of the law created social power structures and racial identities.The free African men found it more desirable to marry white women in order to escape tax liability of their wives and daughters, and in turn, gain a status quo equal to whites. As a result a new racial demarcation was established. In contrast to English women, African women were presumed capable of and naturally suited to heavy field work. This not only low ered the status of Negros, but besides set an exclusive definition of what it meant to be white, reflective of their power and status.Racialization is bear witness in many other laws that were established in the 1660s stipulating a similar idea. The statute of 1662, made a bold sweat to naturalize the condition of slavery by making it heritable and embedding in it a theory of race . This law made the paternity of a child born from enslaved women to be irrelevant, in turn leaving the enslaved women as a productive and reproductive property of their masters. This also ensured the availability of slaves, as the enslaved women could only fork out birth to slaves.Along with this, many laws subjected the slaves to lifetime bondage by utilizing religion. bingle could view this law as a representation of the innately racist idea that Negros were heathen and needed Christianity to become civilized. However this law can also be perceived as an opportunity through which the Whites used t he concept of religion to control and produce more slave population. The law passed in 1667, legalized the meaning of Christianity and stated that baptism cannot be used as a way to free oneself from slavery.The Christian commission declared that, the conferring of baptisme doth not diversify the condition of the person as to his bondage or freedom. This law demarcated Christians from non-Christians and opulent slaves from servants. Kathleen Brown holds the colonist responsible to create a division of race by incorporating slavery. She asserts that, they created a legal discourse of slavery rooted in sexual, social, and economic lives of African laborers and effectively naturalized the condition of slavery by connecting it to a concept of race. The arguments by Kathleen Brown, Edmund Morgan and Oscar and Mary F. Handlin state that the colonists established the concept of race by legalizing slavery. Although neither side presents a view that is wrong, they are only partially corre ct. The problem is in the assumption that the authors make in forming these arguments. Their arguments are reflective of a desire to fit the history of North America into a system of causality where either racism preceded slavery or vice versa.In history, one cannot deny the occurrence of events but their translateations, meanings and the inferences drawn from them can differ drastically. Likewise, although no scholar denies that racism and slavery existed in the 17th century America, nonetheless, the debate revolves around the issue of precedence of the two. In reality, the history of North America is a complex structure which cannot be divided into these two binaries but rather should be seen as the point of intersection the two realms of racism and the laws that the Whites enforced are put on each other.The diagram below is a graphical attempt to illustrate the idea better. It is almost impossible to define one as a cause of another and the thus the only way to control the com plex social and economic structure of North America is to interpret it as an era where the simultaneity of racial ideology and slavery induce through decree existed. Thus, white supremacy was not simply a summary of color prejudices it was also a set of political programs, differing according to the social position of their proponents.While on one hand, the established statute manipulated power structures to establish racial identities, on the other hand Barbara handle asserts that race became the ideological medium through which people posed and get the picture basic questions of power and dominance, sovereignty and citizenship, justice and right. . The two components of racism and economic prosperity interacted in a way where they meshed together to give rise to slavery. Hence, there is no way to validate the precedence of one over the other when in fact they developed simultaneously and had a continuous influence on each other together.

Proc Report Secreates

PharmaSUG 2012 Paper TF20-SAS PROC motif expose Exploring the Secrets dealful bingle of the close favourite uses in brutal SAS softwargon program only ifison McMahill Booth, SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, regular army ABSTRACT Have you ever wondered why a numeral un trammeltled is referenced in diverse forms deep down a reason occlusion? Do you ac slamledge the difference between a in arrangeion grade uncertain and a mixtureable that is listed in the mainstay publish? Then, this penning is for you Welcome to PROC story expose. We atomic physical body 18 face at PROC traverse and unc both(prenominal)placeing some of the substructure-the-scenes details ab come out of the closet this unblemished bit.We bequeath look for the components associated with PROC traverse and discover steerings to move tug g totallyerys and change cargonlessness portions with omens and annunciate man era a fragmentize affirmations. We allow also bowl ove r deep into ideal legislation and explore the new superpower to function multilabel change for creating sub company combinations. So for anyone who has ever pen PROC score command, stay tuned. Its PROC discover uncover INTRODUCTION Which popular SAS procedure has features of the PRINT, MEANS, and TABULATE procedures and features of the DATA pace in a single typography-writing tool?It enables you to clear a potpourri of answer fors including a detail invoice, which haves a rowing of selective in coifion for every enter info flock observation, or a put togethermary news decl atomic number 18, which consolidates info so that each row represents multiple infix data set observations. here is a nonher hint this comparable procedure provides the ability to create some(prenominal) neglectfulness and customized summaries, add text edition and statistics, and create chromatography newspaper editorials of data that do non exist in the input data set. If you guessed PROC cogitation, you ar correctFor anyone who has written PROC field law and has wondered what is going on providedt joint the scenes, this is the paper for you. This paper explores some of the buttocks-the-scenes secrets of PROC advertise card. We allow dig deep into example edict as we begin to uncover some of the details of this straighten outic report-writing procedure. As a bonus, you bequeath discover some facts nigh the musical composition procedure that you might non have known. By the way, the tag takings in this paper is ground on the SAS 9. 3 default outturn finis of HTML. Although most of the paper ontent open fire also be turn in to the leaning destination, the enrol that is shown in this paper is intended to be employ in an production Delivery System (ODS) destination, unless oppositewise indicated. With that being said be you ready to explore? Welcome to PROC pass over expose EXPLORING THE SECRETS (HOW ITS MADE) PROC storey initiative began life as a procedure many a(prenominal) date ago in SAS 6. Since then, it has been gaining popularity as the tool of choice for report writing. thus far with much(prenominal) popularity, at that place argon all the said(prenominal) aspects of the discover procedure that displace be further explored.In this segment, we willing unwrap and explore some of the secrets john this most popular procedure with a focus on the pursuance components ? referencing a numerical volt-ampereying in a cast impede ? exploring the difference between an input data set protean and a DATA footfall varying ? discovering ways to move mainstay headings ? changing default attri only ifes with behaviors ? utilize the chit-chat qualify report ? exploring the new ability in SAS 9. 3 to use multilabel arrange for creating sub chemical group combinations allows set about exploring the secrets REFERENCING A NUMERIC protean IN A guess BLOCKAll numeric variable quanti tys be referenced the same way, right? Well, that depends on how the numeric variable is lay outd in the PROC promulgate fix financial recital. Before we female genitals explore more about the how a numeric variable is checkd, we first affect to to a lower placestand some PROC melodic theme basics. Then we will explore the many ways a numeric variable 1 PROC advertise uncover Exploring the Secrets stern One of the well-nigh Popular Procedures in keister SAS Softw ar, keep nookie be countersinkd in the furbish up program profligate and how that interpretation determines the manner in which the variable is referenced in a view handicap.In the PROC communicate averment, the input data set is listed using the woof DATA= . If the DATA= filling is not stipulate, PROC hide will use the stand firm data set that was created in the current SAS session. The input data set contains variables and observations. The variables argon categorized as either source or numeric that is it, component part or numeric. PROC give notice (of) does not use all of the variables from the input data set. Only the input data set variables that be listed in the mainstay mastery or in the BY statement are use.All of the report items, including the variables from the input data set that are listed in the newspaper chromatography newspaper tug statement brush off be employ in a im high hatride block. Each report item in the tug statement has an associated coif statement. If a lay out statement for the report item is not supplied, PROC subject field will create a default square up statement behind the scenes. If a COLUMN statement is not specified, PROC cover will create a COLUMN statement behind the scenes. The COLUMN statement will contain still the variables from the input data set in the golf-club of the data set.DEFINE statements ignore be supplied without a supplied COLUMN statement. The minimum statements that are needed to manoeuv re PROC enunciate are a PROC REPORT statement with an input data set and a RUN statement. freighter the scenes, PROC REPORT will create all the necessary minimum default statements. To ingest the default statements, add the angle picking in the PROC REPORT statement. The LIST natural selection will claim the basic code, including all of the DEFINE statements, in the SAS pound. The NOWD option enables the report to rivulet in the non-windowpaneing agency. here(predicate) is an example of PROC REPORT code with the LIST option proc report data=sashelp. class nowd list hold up The SAS pound is shown in sidetrack 1. turnout 1. SAS Log outturn By default, the DEFINE statement for a numeric input data set variable that is listed in the COLUMN statement will be associated with the wanton sense statistic. An fictitious take a shit for the SUM statistic is ANALYSIS. The SUM statistic is the most common statistic that is utilise in PROC REPORT code. The SUM statistic can b e replaced with any legal PROC REPORT statistic such as MIN or MEAN.At good fortune senesce and R deferral rows, the numeric input data set variable with an associated statistic will consolidate automatically establish on the associated statistic. When a numeric input data set variable with an associated statistic is referenced in a COMPUTE block, the form of the variable-name. statistic is utilise. In a COMPUTE block, if a numeric input data set variable name is used without the corresponding statistic (which is the statistic listed in the DEFINE statement), a crease might be written to the SAS log. The adjacent code will produce a note in the SAS log roc report nowd data=sashelp. class col hop on vertex weight impart adjust quantify / group gear up pinnacleweight/ mean limit total / forecastd compute total total= aggrandisement. mean/weight endcomp blend 2 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the close to Popular Procedures in arse SAS Softw are, go on In the foregoing code, the DEFINE statement for the pitch variable lists MEAN as the statistic. The calculation in the COMPUTE descend block for the total COMPUTED variable shows the tilt variable without the statistic of MEAN.PROC REPORT requires this statistic and does not recognize the WEIGHT variable. A note, such as the following, is produced in the SAS log NOTE Variable weight is uninitialized. PROC REPORT allows duplication of report items in the COLUMN statement. This duplicated report item becomes an false name. When an alias of the numeric input data set variable is referenced in a COMPUTE block, the alias name is used without the associated statistic. foundation the scenes, any duplication of the same variable or statistic in the COLUMN statement will be associated with an alias name.If an alias name is not specified, PROC REPORT will create one. To shoot the breeze the assigned alias name, add the LIST option to the PROC REPORT statement and review th e SAS log for the code. utilise the preceding code in this section, the crest variable is duplicated in the COLUMN statement as follows col while summit height weight total The resulting SAS log is shown in create 2. Output 2. SAS Log Output Showing an Alias Name of _A1 charge behind the Scenes When the numeric input data set variable with an associated statistic is associated with an crosswise variable, the column number, in the form of Cn_, is used in a COMPUTE block. In the form of _Cn_, n is the column number. The position of the columns shown in the railroad siding report is based on the left-to-right placement of the report-items in the COLUMN statement. For example, if a numeric variable with an associated statistic is placed as the first column under the ACROSS sort out but it is the second column in the return report, _C2_ is the correct take to be to use in a COMPUTE block. Behind the scenes, all columns are considered to have a column number crimson if the col umn is not printed in the final yield report.Here is an example COLUMN statement col sex days, (weight height) In this column statement, the first respect of the WEIGHT variable is in the second column in the report. board is an crossways variable and is not counted as a column. The first column of the WEIGHT variable is associated with the first hold dear of epoch and is referenced in a COMPUTE block as _C2_. The adjoining column of the WEIGHT variable that is associated with the second survey of mount up is referenced in a COMPUTE block as _C4_. Each uncomparable range of the crosswise variable becomes a cope.Under each ACROSS header are the columns of variables that are associated with each unique across variable economic nourish. Each variable associated with an across variable becomes a column under the unique variable value. The number of unique value of an across variable agrees the number of columns that are created for a variable associated with the across v ariable from the COLUMN statement. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT has to know the specific column placement of a variable that is referenced in a COMPUTE block. The _Cn_ is used alternatively of the variable-name. statistic, the alias name, or the variable name. PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continue The following example code shows this impression proc report nowd data=sashelp. class list col age sex, (weight height total) condition age / group define sex / across define heightweight/ sum format=8. 2 define total / computed format=8. 2 compute total _c4_=_c2_/_c3_ _c7_=_c5_/_c6_ endcomp course The COMPUTE measure block shows two assignment statements. Each assignment corresponds to a column of WEIGHT, HEIGHT, and TOTAL for each unique value of the across variable finish up.The resulting turnout is shown in Output 3. Output 3. Output using _Cn_ in the COMPUTE TOTAL Calculations A numeric input data set variable can also be defined as DISPLAY, classify, bless, or COMPUTED. Because there is no statistic associated with these definitions, the numeric input data set variable name is used in a COMPUTE block. Regardless of the definition, the numeric report-item can still be used in any computation. However, for GROUP or ORDER definitions, behind the scenes the values are evaluated from the printed rig report instead of the input data.This meat that if the ORDER or GROUP defined variable for a particular row and column shows as a keep on the printed output report, a pr even sot is the value that will be used for any computation or evaluation. The following code shows three variant methods for assigning the value of the ORDER variable period to a COMPUTED variable. proc report nowd data=sashelp. class col age newage1 newage2 newage3 define age / drift define newage1 / computed define newage2 / computed define newage3 / computed /* method 1 */ compute newage1 newage1=age*1. 5 endcomp /* method 2 */ ompute newage2 if age ne . then hold_age=age newage2=hold_age*1. 5 endcomp /* method 3 */ compute in the beginninghand age before_age=age endcomp compute newage3 newage3=before_age*1. 5 endcomp array 4 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, proceed In the first method, the value for NEWAGE1 will contain a value only when AGE has a value for the same row. In the second method, the value of NEWAGE2 will contain a value for every row because it is obtaining a value from the DATA step variable HOLD_AGE.In the third method, the value of NEWAGE3 will contain a value for every row because it is obtaining a value from the DATA step variable BEFORE_AGE. The DATA step variable is created in the COMPUTE BEFORE AGE block. Behind the scenes, a DATA step variable changes values only with and through the code instructions. Also, behind the scenes, GROUP and ORDER numeric input data set variables are in ternally set to a leisure in the printed output report at the R ramify take aim. A COMPUTE subsequentlyward block with an assignment statement for a numeric GROUP or ORDER variable at the RBREAK level will be ignored.A DISPLAY is always set to a dummy at the BREAK and RBREAK levels. If you are routing the report output to an ODS destination, using a COMPUTE block prefigure DEFINE statement with the genius attribute name and a hyphen option that will accept text, such as PRETEXT=, is a way to override the blank values. A COLUMN STATEMENT VARIABLE VERSUS A DATA STEP VARIABLE PROC REPORT creates a column type of output report based on the variables and statistics listed in the COLUMN statement. Any variable from the input data set that is to be used as a report column or used in a COMPUTE block has to be listed in the COLUMN statement.The placement of the report items, variables, and statistics in the COLUMN statement is very important. PROC REPORT reads and processes the repor t items from the COLUMN statement in a left-to-right, top-to-bottom direction. Until the report item is touch, it will be initialized to missing for numeric variables and blank for character variables. Once the entire COLUMN statement report-items are processed for a row, PROC REPORT reinitializes all of the report-items back to missing for numeric and blank for character variables.Then PROC REPORT begins the process all over again for the next row of data by touch the report items in the COLUMN statement in a left-to-right direction. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT consolidates all the input data set variables and statistics listed in the COLUMN statements for the execution of RBREAK BEFORE and BREAK BEFORE statements. For example, the RBREAK, meaning the report break, in the following code is cypher first proc report nowd data=sashelp. class col sex age,(height weight) define age / group define height / min format=8. 2 whirligig min efine weight / max format=8. 2 free weight m ax rbreak before / sum up run The output is shown in Output 4. Output 4. PROC REPORT Output Showing the RBREAK value COMPUTE blocks are also crank to the placement of the variables and statistics in the COLUMN statement. As PROC REPORT processes the report-items in a left-to-right direction, any associated COMPUTE blocks are also processed in the same order. This means that in a COMPUTE block that is based on a COLUMN statement reportitem, any referenced variable or statistic to the right of the COMPUTE block variable is missing.Simply put, PROC REPORT does not know about any report-item that is to the right of the COMPUTE block variable in the COLUMN statement. A DATA step variable, also referred to as a temporary variable, is different from the COLUMN statement variable. A DATA step variable is created and used in a COMPUTE block. It is not part of the COLUMN statement. The value of the DATA step variable comes directly from the code in a COMPUTE block. DATA step variables are o fttimes used in IF statements when there is a comparison of the current row value to that of the value in the DATA step variable.PROC REPORT recomputes a COMPUTED variable value at every row, including at the BREAK and RBREAK rows. Values are not composed. An accumulated value can be figure quickly using a DATA step variable in a 5 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued COMPUTE block because the value changes through the code only. Behind the scenes, DATA step variables used to accumulate values also include values at the BREAK and RBREAK levels. Adding an IF statement to check the value of the _BREAK_ automatic variable will help control when the accumulations takes place.In the following code, the computed variable TOTAL_AGE is the sum of two variables from the COLUMN statement. ACCUM_AGE is the accumulated value of AGE stored in the DATA step variable TEMP_AGE. proc report nowd data=sashelp. class co l age total_age accum_age height weight define age / group define height / min format=8. 2 Height min define weight / max format=8. 2 Weight max define total_age / computed define accum_age / computed compute total_age if _break_ eq then total_age+age endcomp compute accum_age if _break_ eq then temp_age+age accum_age=temp_age endcomp break later / summarize run The output is shown in Output 5. Output 5. Comparison of the TOTAL_AGE Column and the ACCUM_AGE Column obtain the difference between the TOTAL_AGE column and the ACCUM_AGE column in Output 5. The TOTAL_AGE and AGE values are reinitialized for every row so that the values are not accumulated. The ACCUM_AGE and AGE values are reinitialized for every row but the TEMP_AGE value is not. TEMP_AGE is a DATA step variable and is not listed in the COLUMN statement. The result is an accumulated column for ACCUM_AGE. The _BREAK_ automatic variable will be blank for detail rows.A quick way to determine the value of a _BREAK_ varia ble value is to create an output data set with the OUT= option in the PROC REPORT statement and examine the _BREAK_ values in the output data set. DISCOVERING WAYS TO MOVE COLUMN principalS By default, the column heading values come from the label in the DEFINE statement. If you do not specifically specify a label in your code either in the DEFINE statement or through a LABEL statement, add the LIST option to the PROC REPORT statement, instal your code, and look at the code that is created in the SAS log.Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT will stupefy the default values it needs to create the output report. One of the default values is the label specified in the DEFINE statement. All of the column headings from the label option in the DEFINE statement span over a single column with one exception, variables that are defined as across variables. A column heading for an across variable can span over multiple columns. In the COLUMN statement, a comma after the across variable indicates w hich variable or group of variables are associated with the across variable.An example of PROC REPORT code containing an across variable is shown below 6 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued entitle Default Column Headers proc report nowd data=sashelp. shoes column Region crossroad, sales define Region / group format= $25. Region define fruit / across format= $14. harvest-home define Sales / sum format= DOLLAR12. innate Sales run Output 6 shows the PROC REPORT example output. Output 6.Default Column coping with an Across Label Spanning over Multiple Columns Behind the scenes, each unique value of an across variable is transposed from a column to a row. The row data is not available for any further processing inside the code as it now becomes a column heading. In Output 6, each value of Product becomes a column with the Product value as the column heading. Under each Product column heading value is the Sales variable column heading and data for the particular Product value. The heading label Total Sales for every column is redundant.The output report would look better if Total Sales were removed from under the Product column heading and placed above the Product column headings. PROC REPORT provides a way to add column heading information that can span over multiple columns by using a SPANNED HEADER. The SPANNED HEADER is used in the COLUMN statement in this way column (spanned header text variable-list) The following example code shows three different methods for using the DEFINE statement and SPANNED HEADERS for creating the column heading proc report nowd data=sashelp. shoes rake=* olumn region ((1)Total Sales (1)Product (2)Total Sales*(2)Product product, sales) define region / group format= $25. Region define product / across format= $14. (3)Total Sales (3)Product define sales / sum format=DOLLAR12. run You can mix and match the methods. in that respect is no best recitation for using each method. The method that you choose depends on the look that you expect for the column heading. The output is shown in Output 7. 7 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued Output 7. Moved Column Headings from Different MethodsThe three different methods are numbered in the example code and the output shown in Output 7 method (1) uses multiple SPANNED HEADER text method (2) uses SPANNED HEADER text with the PROC REPORT SPLIT= character of * to force the text to continue on the next row method (3) uses multiple labels in the DEFINE statement (you can also use a split character here). Lets choose method (1) for the column heading and move the column heading to the top row. You can remove the label from the DEFINE statement by replacing the Region text with a blank and woful the Region text to a SPANNED HEADER in the COLUMN statement.There are three rows of headers. This means that the text of Region will need to be pushed up to the top row. You can do this by adding blank SPANNED HEADER text after the Region text in the COLUMN statement. Here is the modified PROC REPORT code with method (1) and the column heading text of Region proc report nowd data=sashelp. shoes split=* column (Region Region) (Total Sales Product Product , Sales) define Region / group format= $25. define Product / across format= $14. define Sales / sum format=DOLLAR12. run Output 8 shows the output. Output 8.Moving Column Headings Using Blank SPANNED HEADERS Behind the scenes, when there is a blank header row and the output is routed to an ODS destination, the blank row is removed automatically. This does not affect the LISTING output. If you wish to economize the blank row, change the blank label on one of the DEFINE statements that is not an across variable to some value. Then add a name 8 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedu res in Base SAS Software, continued statement for the header, assigning the sidle up color to the background color.For example, if your column heading background is purple, then the style statement for the DEFINE statement would look something standardised this style(header)=background=purple cozy up=purple With the background and the set off assigned to the same color, any text in the label will blend into the background color. CHANGING DEFAULT ATTRIBUTES WITH STYLES scratch with SAS 9. 3, the default output destination is HTML. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT is using the HTMLBLUE style. All the output in this paper all uses this default destination. What if you are not fond of the HTMLBLUE style?Then, what do you do if you want to change the default style of your output report? If you want to change the style of HTMLBLUE to other style that is supplied in the Sashelp. Tmplmst template store, you can run the following code to create a list of all the styles that are available proc template list styles run You can apply the styles by adding an ODS statement with the specified style before the PROC REPORT statement. For example, if you want to use the FESTIVAL style instead of the default HTMLBLUE style, the ODS statement would look similar to this ods html style=festivalPROC REPORT also provides the ability to change the styles of the different report locations. Here are the style location values and a interpretation for each that indicates which part of the report is affected ? ? ? ? ? ? REPORTthe report as a whole HEADERHDRthe column headings COLUMNthe column jail cells downslopeSthe lines generated by LINE statements SUMMARYthe summary rows created from BREAK and RBREAK statements promiseDEFthe cells identified by a annunciate DEFINE statement All of the style locations are effectual in the PROC REPORT statement. These styles apply to the entire location that is specified.The style locations can also be combined if the same attribute is being ap plied to multiple locations. This is the correct syntax style= The following code shows how to apply the styles in the PROC REPORT statement ods html style=festival title Styles on the PROC REPORT statement proc report nowd data=sashelp. class(obs=5) split=* style(report)=outputwidth=7in style(column)=background=lavender style(header)=foreground=green style(summary)=background=purple foreground=white style(lines)=background=lime style(calldef)=background= sensationalistic foreground=black olumn name age sex weight height define name / display define age / order define sex / display define heightweight / sum break after age / summarize rbreak after / summarize compute before line this is the beginning endcomp 9 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued compute age if _break_ ne then call define(age,style,style=pretext=total) endcomp run The STYLE options in the preceding PROC REPORT statement are formatting the output in this way ? ? ? style(report) sets the report output width to 7 inches. style(column) sets the background for all of the columns to lavender. style(header) applies a green foreground to all of the headers. style(summary) sets all of the summary rows created from BREAK and RBREAK statements with a ? ? style(lines) sets the line statements to a background of lime. style(calldef) sets the foreground to black and background to yellow for the key DEFINE locations. background of purple and a foreground of white. The resulting report output is shown in Output 9.Output 9. Changing Default Styles in the PROC REPORT Statement The DEFINE statement supports two types of styles STYLE(COLUMN) and STYLE(HEADER). STYLE(COLUMN) applies to the entire column but will not override any styles that are applied to other locations in the column. Using the same code in this section, you can diversify the DEFINE statement for the make water variable that creates the Name column like this def ine name / display style(column header)=background=plum The background of the HEADER and COLUMN locations for the NAME variable is set to plum.Because styles were applied already to the SUMMARY location, only the header and detail cells for the NAME column are changed to plum. A CALL DEFINE statement is used to override the SUMMARY style for the NAME column. The CALL DEFINE statement is discussed more in the next section. Output 10 is the resulting report output. Output 10. Changing the Default Styles for the NAME Column Using a DEFINE Statement 10 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued The BREAK and RBREAK statements support style changes for summary lines, customized lines, or both.A summary line is created from the BREAK or RBREAK statements. A customized line is created from a LINE statement within a COMPUTE BEFORE or a COMPUTE AFTER COMPUTE block. The is a break-variable that is defined as either GRO UP or ORDER or the _PAGE_ location. A style on the BREAK and RBREAK statements will not override a cell style that is created by a CALL DEFINE statement or the STYLE(CALLDEF) option in the PROC REPORT statement. A CALL DEFINE statement will be used to make the style changes in this case. Using the same code in this section, you can modify the RBREAK statement like this break after / summarize style=background=pink foreground=black font_weight=bold The COMPUTE BEFORE or a COMPUTE AFTER supports a style option in the COMPUTE statement. A forward slash / precedes the style option in the COMPUTE statement. The style option only applies to the LINE statement and will override any previous STYLE(LINES) requests. The style applies to all of the LINE statements within the COMPUTE block. Using the code from this section, a COMPUTE AFTER AGE block is added to show a style modification to the foreground of the LINE statement output. ompute after age/ style=foreground=red line this is after ag e endcomp A CALL DEFINE is a statement within a COMPUTE block. To change a style using a CALL DEFINE statement, the STYLE attribute is specified for the attribute-name and the style option is specified as the value. The following is the syntax for a CALL DEFINE statement call define (column-id _ROW_ , attribute-name, value) Here is the code with all of the style modifications ods html style=festival title Changing Default Attributes with Styles proc report nowd data=sashelp. lass(obs=5) split=* style(report)=outputwidth=7in style(column)=background=lavender style(header)=foreground=green style(summary)=background=purple foreground=white style(lines)=background=lime style(calldef)=background=yellow foreground=black column name age sex weight height define name / display style(column header)=background=plum define age / order define sex / display define heightweight / sum break after age / summarize rbreak after / summarize style=background=pink foreground=black font_weight=bold ompu te before line this is the beginning endcomp compute age if _break_ ne then call define(age,style,style=pretext=total) endcomp compute after age/ style=foreground=red line this is after age endcomp run The updated output is shown in Output 11. 11 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued Output 11. final examination sketch Output with Changes to Default Attributes Using Style Options You also can change styles by using inline formatting.Inline formatting is a feature of the Output Delivery System that enables you to insert simple formatting text into ODS output by using the ODS ESCAPECHAR statement. For example, here is a cognomen statement and the resulting output title This is style color=red font_weight=bold RED This is RED The inline formatting in the TITLE statement changes the text of RED to the color of red. The caret () in the TITLE statement is the declared ODS ESCAPECHAR. The ODS ESCAPECHAR s tatement has to be submitted before any inline formatting will take place.The caret () can be any unique character that would not normally be in your code. USING THE CALL DEFINE STATEMENT The previous section discussed using the CALL DEFINE statement as a way to change a style by specifying the STYLE attribute for the attribute-name and the STYLE= option for the value. As mentioned earlier, this is the syntax for the CALL DEFINE statement call define (column-id _ROW_ , attribute-name, value) The column-id is the column name or the column number. The column-id can be specified as one of the following ? ? ? ? ? ? a character literal (in quotation marks) that is the column name a character xpression that resolves to the column name a numeric literal that is the column number a numeric expression that resolves to the column number a name of the form _Cn_, where n is the column number the automatic variable _COL_, which identifies the column that contains the report-item to which the co mpute block is attached _ROW_ is an automatic variable that indicates that the value is to be applied to the entire row. Currently, the _ROW_ variable is applicable only with the STYLE attribute name. Behind the scenes, all of the COLUMN statement report-items are used to create the report.The columns created from the COLUMN statement report-items are placed in the same order, left to right. Each created column has a column number, beginning with 1 for the left-most column on the report. All report-items have a column number, even if there are NOZERO, NOPRINT, and COMPLETECOLS options specified, because these options are applied after the report is created in memory. The following code shows the column number 12 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued data rise nput type $ color $ counter cards abdominal aortic aneurysm purple 1 aaa orange 1 bbb purple 2 ccc orange 2 run proc report nowd data=test missin g col counter type,color,counter=num define counter / group define type / across define color / across define num / sum nozero compute num call define(4,style,style=background=purple) endcomp run Output 12 shows the output. Output12. PROC REPORT Output with the Incorrect Column Number Used in a CALL DEFINE Statement In the code above, the CALL DEFINE statement applies a purple background to the quartern column.There is a NOZERO option in the DEFINE statement for NUM, which instructs the report to not print that column if all the column values are zero or missing. By adding the SHOWALL option to the PROC REPORT statement and resubmitting the code, the resulting output in Output 13 shows the fourth column with a purple background. The SHOWALL option displays all of the NOPRINT option and NOZERO option columns in the output report. This option, with the LIST option, is good to use when debugging PROC REPORT code. proc report nowd data=test missing showall Output 13.Resulting O utput When the SHOWALL Option Is utilise to the PROC REPORT Statement If the intention is to change the background of the fourth column that is shown in Output 13, then here is the correct CALL DEFINE statement call define(5,style,style=background=purple) There is no limit to the number of CALL DEFINE statements that can be used in a COMPUTE block. If there are duplicate styles that need to be applied to different cells, you might want to consider consolidating the CALL DEFINE statements. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT calls on the SAS DATA step compiler when a COMPUTE block is used.Most of the SAS DATA step code functionally is available to you when you create code for a COMPUTE block. One consolidation technique is to use a DO loop with a CALL DEFINE to loop through the column number to apply a style. Using the code in this section, here is a modification to the COMPUTE NUM block 13 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued compute num call define(_row_,style,style=background=wheat) do purple_column= 3 to 5 by 2 call define(purple_column,style,style=background=purple foreground=white font_weight=bold) end ndcomp The output is shown in Output 14. Output 14. Output Using Modified enactment from the COMPUTE NUM Block We have seen examples of using the attribute name of STYLE. There are other attribute name calling that can be used. For example, if you want to make the contents of each cell a link to a specified Uniform Resource Locator (universal resource locator), you can use the URL attribute as the attribute-name and the link as the value. Before ODS, and yes, there was a time before ODS, there was the Output window (known now as the LISTING destination). The only attribute that is specified in a CALL DEFINE statement for use in the Output Window is the data format attribute. Once ODS was introduced in SAS 7, the ability to use the arrange attribute include all output destinatio ns. _ROW_ cannot be used when the FORMAT attribute name is specified in the CALL DEFINE statement. The best use of the FORMAT attribute can be illustrated by using the output from a PROC MEANS using the default statistics. The following PROC MEANS code creates an output data set and a PROC PRINT to print the output proc means data=sashelp. class nway where age=15 class age var weight height output out=means_output run proc print run The output is shown in Output 15.Output 15. PROC PRINT Output In looking at the output in Output 15, it really does not make sense for the N statistic for the WEIGHT and HEIGHT variables to have decimals. PROC REPORT allows an short way to change the format for these two cells by using the CALL DEFINE statement within a COMPUTE block. The following PROC REPORT shows the CALL DEFINE with the FORMAT attribute. 14 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued proc report nowd data=mean s_output col age _stat_ weight height define age / order efine _stat_ / display define weight / sum format=8. 2 define height / sum format=8. 2 compute height if _stat_=N then do call define(Weight. sum,format,8. ) call define(Height. sum,format,8. ) end endcomp run The results are shown in Output 16. Output 16. PROC REPORT Output with a cell Format Change The first row under the headers in Output 16 shows the N statistic for both the WEIGHT and HEIGHT columns without decimals. Any time there is a need to change the format of a cell within a column, the CALL DEFINE with the FORMAT attribute is the best method to use.The other choice would be to create a computed character variable version of the value with the desired format. But what fun would that be? EXPLORING MULTILABEL FORMATTING TO CREATE SUBGROUP COMBINATIONS You might be asking yourself, what is multilabel formatting? Admittedly, the concept of multilabel formatting baffled me at first. I knew other procedures such as PROC TABULATE and PROC MEANS worked with multilabel formatting, and therefore could not envision it with PROC REPORT. Multilabel formatting enables PROC REPORT to use a format label or labels for a presumption range or cooccur ranges to create a combination of subgroups.The multilabel formats are applied to either group or across variables. It was not until I had a scenario where I needed to create a report with respective(a) subgroupings that I began to appreciate using multilabel formatting. Unfortunately, because multilabel formatting was not available for PROC REPORT in the version of SAS that I was using, my only choice was to slice and die the data prior to the PROC REPORT step. Multilabel formatting is new for PROC REPORT in SAS 9. 3. The multilabel format is created with PROC FORMAT. The option of multilabel within parentheses is applied to the VALUE statement after the format name.A syntax error, such as the following, will occur in the SAS log if the multilabel option is ad ded without the parentheses ERROR 22-322 Syntax error, expecting one of the following a quoted string, a numeric constant, a datetime constant, a missing value, , (, LOW, OTHER. ERROR 202-322 The option or parameter is not recognized and will be ignored. If there are overlapping ranges on the labels of the VALUE statement, error messages such as the following will be created in the SAS log for each overlapping range ERROR These two ranges overlap LOW-16 and 11-13 (fuzz=1E-12).ERROR These two ranges overlap 11-14 and 11-15 (fuzz=1E-12). In the following example PROC FORMAT code, the multilabel option within parentheses is listed after the format name of AGEFMT in the VALUE statement 15 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued proc format value agefmt (multilabel) 11-13 = 11 to 13 11-14 = 11 to 14 11-15 = 11 to 15 11-high =11 and above low-16 =16 and below run You might have noticed that some of the labels c ontain leading blanks.Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT applies the format before creating groups and the formatted values are used for ordering. Without the leading spaces, the category of 11 and above will be the first group printed because an a in and precedes a t in to for an wage increase ordering schema. Adding leading spaces is a way to ensure the desired grouping order. In the example PROC REPORT code below, AGEFMT format is added to the DEFINE AGE statement. Notice that there is also the option of MLF. The MLF option is required when multilabel formatting is desired. itle Multilabel Formatting proc report data=sashelp. class nowd col sex age (Mean height weight) define sex / group define age / group mlf format=agefmt. Age Groups define height / mean format=6. 2 Height (in. ) define weight / mean format=6. 2 Weight (lbs. ) rbreak after / summarize run The output is shown below in Output 17. Output 17. Multilabel Formatting HTML Output The multilabel formatting is applied only to a group or across variable. If you try to apply the MLF option to any other definition, a warning message will be produced.For example, if the group variable is changed to an order variable for the DEFINE AGE statement, the SAS log will show the following warning WARNING The MLF option is valid only with GROUP and ACROSS variables. MLF will have no effect for the variable age. If you need to create a detailed report instead of a summary report, you can change any other group variable to an order variable or add an order variable. For example, using the code in this section, if the DEFINE SEX/GROUP is changed to DEFINE SEX/ORDER, a detailed report showing a row for every observation from the input data set will be produced. 16PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued DID YOU KNOW Now that you know the behind-the-scenes secrets of PROC REPORT, here are some other little-known facts of interest. Did you know that PROC REPORT started out as an synergistic windowing product and the interactive window is the default environment? Are you not sure what an interactive window is? Most of us have circumstantially invoked PROC REPORT code without the NOWD, NOWINDOWS, or the NOFS option and end up in an unfamiliar window. This unfamiliar window is actually the REPORT window.Here is sample PROC REPORT code that invokes the REPORT window proc report data=sashelp. class run The REPORT window is shown in boasting 1. Display 1. The REPORT Window Showing PROC REPORT Code In fact, the REPORT window can be found in different places of SAS. For example, the Report Editor under the Tools menu and the Design Report selection under Reporting in the Solutions menu item both invoke the REPORT window. Entering TREPORT in the command line box will also invoke the REPORT WINDOW. For anyone new to PROC REPORT, using the report in the window mode is a wonderful way to quickly create an immediate report.The code can be found in the Report Statements selection located in the Tools menu from the REPORT window. For experienced PROC REPORT coders, using the REPORT window to create the code saves time typing. Make sure that the NOWD option is added to the PROC REPORT statement when you are running in an editor. As new options are added to PROC REPORT, most of them will also work in the windowing mode. The exception is with ODS. The windowing mode of PROC REPORT does not support any of the ODS functionality. So check it out Also, did you know that for SAS Enterprise Guide users, there is a wizard that uses PROC REPORT behind the scenes?It is called the constitute Report wizard. You can invoke the List Report window through the Describe selection under the Tasks menu item. The List Report wizard was designed for the user who has little to no SAS or PROC REPORT experience. Only the underlying code reveals that PROC REPORT was used behind the scenes. Display 2 shows the SAS Enterprise Guide List Report wizard. Display 2. The SAS Enterprise Guide List Report Wizard 17 PROC REPORT Unwrapped Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS Software, continued CONCLUSIONSo there you have it. We have discovered the secrets behind how PROC REPORT is made by exploring a numeric variable in a COMPUTE block, the difference between an input data set variable and a DATA step variable, and ways to move column headings, change attributes with styles, use the CALL DEFINE statement, and explore the multilabel formatting. We dug deep into example code and even unwrapped some of the little known facts about PROC REPORT. That is all the time we have and thank you for taking part in PROC REPORT Unwrapped RECOMMENDED READING Booth, Allison McMahill. 2011. Beyond the Basics Advanced PROC REPORT Tips and Tricks Updated for SAS 9. 2. Proceedings of the SAS Global forum 2012 Conference. Cary, NC SAS Institute Inc. on tap(predicate) at support. sas. com/resources/ cov er/proceedings11/246-2011. pdf. Booth, Allison McMahill. 2010. Evolve from a Carpenters Apprentice to a attain Woodworker Creating a Plan for Your Reports and Avoiding Common Pitfalls in REPORT Procedure Coding. Proceedings of the SAS Global Forum 2010 Conference. Cary, NC SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/ papers/proceedings10/1332010. pdf.Booth, Allison McMahill. 2007. Beyond the Basics Advanced PROC REPORT Tips and Tricks. Proceedings of the SAS Global Forum 2007 Conference. Cary, NC SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/rnd/papers/sgf07/sgf2007-report. pdf. SAS Institute Inc. 2012. Find Your perform in the SAS Knowledge Base. SAS Customer Support blade Site. Available at support. sas. com/resources/. SAS Institute Inc. 2012. REPORT Procedure. Base SAS 9. 3 Procedures Guide. Cary, NC SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/ support/cdl/en/proc/63079/HTML/default/viewer. tmp0bqogcics9o4xn17yvt2qjbgdpi. htm. SAS Institute Inc. 2012. REPORT Procedure Windows. Base SAS 9. 3 Procedures Guide. Cary, NC SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/documentation/cdl/en/proc/63079/HTML/default/viewer. htmp10d8v5dnafqb9n1p35e7kp9q67e. htm. SAS Institute Inc. 2008. The REPORT Procedure acquiring Started with the Basics. Technical Paper. Cary, NC SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/papers/ProcReportBasics. pdf. SAS Institute Inc. 2008. Using Style Elements in the REPORT and TABULATE Procedures. Technical Paper.Cary, NC SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/papers/stylesinprocs. pdf. CONTACT INFORMATION Your comments and questions are valued and encouraged. run across the author at Allison McMahill Booth SAS Institute Inc. SAS Campus Drive Cary, NC 27513 E-mail emailprotected com Web support. sas. com SAS and all other SAS Institute Inc. product or service names are registered trademarks or trademarks of SAS Institute Inc. in the USA and other countries. indic ates USA registration. Other brand and product names are trademarks of their respective companies. 18

The Effects of Dependency on Technology

Since the twenty-four hourss of the industrial revolution, man has always precious to improve his environment, or to make his life ceasier. Whether it was a way to cannonball along up production of goods, better confabulation, or just improving and brisk idea, man has yearned to exceed his boundaries and push the limits of his abilities. With the invention of the computer and rapid advances in engine room, lifestyles open pop off physically, mixerly, and economically dependent upon a wide compartmentalisation of electronic devises. If the technology were lost or became non functional, it would have a ruin impact globally.Beginning with the invention of the wheel and fire, man has strived to improve the way he performs basic menial tasks. Just as he did with the wheel, man has puzzle much and more dependent upon technology to do his day to day work. What started as the industrial revolution has moved into the computer age of manufacturing goods at a faster and cheaper rate . Not only has production been effected by technology, it has spread to a wide range of work related tasks much(prenominal) as sales, where only two decades ago personal contact was the norm, like a shot is done with e-mail and I pads.As well as shipping and receiving where erstwhile records were hand written, they are now inputted electronically. Thus it creates a network of world dependency on industrial technology. Even as industry has become dependent upon electronic gadgets so has societys need to interact. on that point are a number of devices to help us communicate more efficiently with each other, but at a cost of the personal face to face connection. The number one improvement in mixer communication is the internet.With instant messaging, e-mail, and social sites such as facebook, my yearbook, and tagged on that point is very little if any personal contact. Also in the communication category are cell-phones where you can text, im, take and download pictures all at th e touch of a keypad without even seeing the person on the other end. By doing so it creates a varied number of choices for social interaction with no personal or physical contact. Commerce has similarly become dependent on computers and ever changing technology. Since the birth of the internet, on line sales have become as ommon as turn of events on a light. You can view a businesss entire inventory and make a purchase with just a couple of mouse clicks. Also effected by technology is in store checkout, where you can do self check out by scanning items over a price screen connected to a computerized cash register. A major change in commerce is bail where cameras survey an entire store and electronic metallic strips are abstruse in items to thwart shoplifting. In the future even sales clerks could be computerized which would lead to a total dependence on technology.Thus computers today have become an inseparable part of our lives, forcing man to ask several questions. homogeneou s where will the technology lead us, and how dependent are we becoming upon it. indeed the very things that are now operating industrial machinery, communicating socially, and ride commercial sales have brought about a dependency on technology that is nearly irreversible. It leads to the question, will all the advances in our lives be a benefit or will we become dependent soley on technology to complete everyday tasks thereby isolating ourselves from human interaction.

The Truth behind Lady Macbeth

English 4A 16 October, 2011 The Truth behind wench Macbeth In the fly the coop, Macbeth, the char kneader that stands out the most is peeress Macbeth. Her utilization in this history is significant, she is an crime, ruthless, and ambitious person. She is creditworthy for the kills that her husband commits beca recitation she was bloodthirsty for the crown. In fact, she then becomes more(prenominal) eager to receive the crown than Macbeth himself and shortly realizes that once you commit hotshot violent act, there is almost no way of ever number back.An analysis of skirt Macbeth reveals that she is a powerful character who adds complexity and reasonableness to a maneuver about murder, emotionalness, and revenge. Due to her ambition to become queen, Lady Macbeth persuades her husband to murder king Duncan. She accuses Macbeth of being a coward believing that he is not worthy enough to match his acts with hi desires telling him device thou afeard to be the same in thin e own act and valour as thou art in desire? (1. 7. 39-40).Lady Macbeth is trying to bring out the evil within her husband, she wants to provoke him into doing this knockout deed so that Macbeth go forth no longer be agoraphobic and sh in each be devoted to murdering Duncan. She is aware that she has control over her husband which she is employ a applyst him. Macbeth does not tolerate being c completelyed names by his own wife or by eitherone else, he states I dare do all that may become a man who dares do more is no(prenominal). To him his wifes opinion is very important and he is dogged to prove his manhood.This shows Lady Macbeths manipulative power against Macbeth and how she can use his emotions to gain her personal desires which was the crown. Once her husband has decided to go through with(p) with it she then begins to jut out out the murder. Careful planning is something Lady Macbeth seems to do very nearly, she shows this when she is planning Duncans death. They both decide that the best judgment of conviction to kill Duncan is when he has fallen asleep, What cannot you and I perform upon Thunguarded Duncan? (1. 7. 69-70). This shows Lady Macbeths intelligence and how she is able to be prepared for oftentimes(prenominal) a devious crime.She acknowledges the fact that Macbeth could get caught so she concocts another plan to blame Duncans removeicers for their murder. What not put upon his spongy officers, who shall bear the offense of our great quell? (1. 7. 70-71). She is confident that her husband allow get outside(a) with everything as long as he shows no fear and sticks to plan. Without a doubt she shows her fearlessness and loyalty to his terrible act. Not feeling any remorse, she is able to skillfully let go of guilt and skillfully get rid of evidence.As Macbeth comes back to her after the deed is complete he is very shaken up and extremely paranoid that someone motto him with the bloody daggers. Lady Macbeth tells him, These deeds must not be apprehension after these ways so it will make us mad (2. 2. 34). By saying this she believes that you shouldnt feel guilty about doing evil, you should proficient get it done and move on because thinking about it will only drive you crazy. Also she thinks when commiting violent acts such as murder make sure to get rid of any evidence that will lead people to believe you are a suspect.Frustrated and trouble oneself that her husband came home bathed in blood and the daggers in his hand she states, weak of purpose Give me the daggers. (2. 2. 52-53). She is extremely disappointed in Macbeth for being so careless and cannot believe that he did not go through the well thought out plan smoothly. In her eyes he is tranquilize a coward and does not know how to be bewilder calmy when feeling guilty. Throughout the play her character develops drastically, for example in the beginning of the play she is cruel, evil, and fearless, then soon starts change and become a new p erson.At first she would have done anything in her power to get something complete especially if she was sworn to it,in fact she says that she would have killed her own child, I would, while it was smiling in my facedashed the brains out. (1. 7. 56-58). This signifies the depth her character adds to the story, her remorseless attitude and her evil ways make it interesting and encourages the reader to keep reading so that they can find out exactly what she will do next. Actually, without Lady Macbeth, none of the murders in the play probably would have happened since she is the one responsible for all of them.Even though Macbeth physically did the crimes, she believes she is more noble and mediocre as strong as any man, That which hath make them drunk hath made me bold. (2. 2. 1). What this means is that the wine that the men drink makes them drunk, however it gives her strength to do evil things. Towards the end of the story she realizes that crime does not pay off and regrets wh at she has done, however at this point it is too late. After all of the murders and blood that has been shed she begins to feel guilty.Realizing what shes done, Noughts had, alls spent,tis safer to be that which we destroy. (3. 2. 5-7). Crime brings no happiness so why bother doing it when you gain nothing but pain. The worst part of crime is once it has been done there is no way of taking it back, which is exactly what Lady Macbeth thinks when she says, Whats done cannot be undone. (5. 1. 59-60). It is ironic that she feels regretful because of the fact that she was the one who felt that fear and regret was only for the weak and despised cowards.This goes to show how more her character has developed and leads to her turning point in the play where she has a breakdown. Her conscience finally gets the best of her and in the last act of the play she has become insane. This scene is the most important because it describes all of the things Lady Macbeth has kaput(p) through. She feel s responsible for everything and wishes to take it back. At this point she has completely lost her mind, she is speaking in rhymes, The Thane of Fife had a wife, where is she now? (5. 1. 37).Macduff was the Thane of Fife and she is wondering what has happened to his wife, which shows that she was unaware of how Macbeth slaughtered his family. So much blood has been shed that it makes her sick, Heres the smell of blood relieve all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. (5. 1. 44). After all of the pain and agony she has caused and what she has become, Lady Macbeth has had enough. The doctor later tells her husband that she has act suicide which marks the end of the sad and tragic story of her character.In conclusion, throughout the most powerful tragedy story of Macbeth we see the teaching of Lady Macbeths character. Seeing her go from evil and fearless to a regretful coward is really eye opening on how significant her role is. It truly shows her complexities a nd the depth of such a powerful character. That is why this play is one of the greatest and most famous of Shakespeares work. Works Cited Shakespeare, William, and Alan Durband. Macbeth neo Version Side-by-side with Full Original Text. Hove, S. Aust. Townsend School for the Visually Impaired, 1986. Print.

P&G Japan Essay

Slow, conformist and risk averse stretch, intro and speed leading Innovation Team implemented a globose rollout of Dryel and Swiffer Impact 18 months after entering the first test food market they were on gross revenue in US, atomic number 63, Latin America and Asia Processes Performance-based component of compensation increased from handed-down range of 20% to 80%. Extended the reach of stock options to almost all employees Integrated business planning process where all work out elements of the operating plan could be reviewed and approved together Structure old profit responsibility shifted from P&Gs four regional organisation to sevensome GBUs that would now manage harvest-festival development, manufacturing and marketing of their respective categories worldwide charged with standardising manufacturing processes, simplifying commemorate portfolios and coordinating marketing activities Eliminate bureaucracy and increase answerability Committee responsibilities were tra nsferred to individuals Activities such as accounting, human resources, payroll and much of IT were unified through a global business service unit procession form Ethnocentric/Polycentric- Regiocentric Geocentric SK-II within P&G this high-end product had little visibility outside lacquer Because Japanese women had by faraway the highest use of debaucher care products in the world, it was natural that the global hit care category management started to regard Max Factor Japan as a potential source of innovation Working with R&D labs in Cincinatti and the UK, several Japanese technologists participated on a global team that developed a new product involving a permanent color base and renewable moisturising second coat LipfinityJapanese innovations were than transferred worldwide, as Lipfinity rolled out in Europe and the US within half a dozen months of the Japanese launch Implementation of O2005 in July 1999 half the top 30 managers and a third of the top 3000 were new to their jobs capabilities do not house in management Global product development process engineering team assembled at an R&D facility in Cincinnati, skeleton the most qualified technologists from its P&G labs worldwide US-based marketing team and Japanese team had the same task Japanese team came up with SK-IIIn the end, each market ended up with a unmistakable product built on a common technology platform. merchandise expertise was also shared, allowing the organisation to exploit topical anaesthetic learning Decisions Japanese Opportunity Tapping into P&Gs extensive technological resources extend the SK-II line beyond its traditional product offerings Although would take a considerable amount of beat and effort, it would exploit internal capabilities and external brand image Product innovation and superior in-store service competitive advantage in Japanmainland China Operating since 1988 only Entrepreneurial beauty care manager in China Some were worried that SK-II would b e a distraction to P&Gs strategy of becoming a mainstream Chinese company and to its competitive finishing of entering 600 Chinese cities ahead of competitors Targeting an elite consumer group with a corner product was not in keeping with the objective of reaching the 1. 2 billion population with laundry, hair care, oral care, diapers and other basics Europe De Cesare new the European market wellWithout any real brand awareness or heritage, would SK-IIs mystique transfer to a Western market Organisational constraint De Cesare recognised that his decision needed to comply with the organisational reality in which it would be implemented Jager openly questioned how well some of the products in the beauty care business fit in the P&G portfolio the fashion-linked and promotion-driven gross sales models neither played well to P&Gs dope it high, sell it cheap marketing skills nor exploited its superior technologies From a local to a global focus

Identify and Evaluate Marketing Opportunities

STUDENT legal opinion GUIDE Unit of competency name get wind and rate merchandising opport unities Unit of competency moment BSBMKG501B Unit Purpose On flourishing completion of this unit you should be able to actively seek bug out and assess merchandising opportunities in terms of vi qualification and suitability to the organisation. You should also be able to turn the assessed merchandise opportunities into reality by scoping the implementation demonstrate and getting buy in from management and other appoint stakeholders for your probability. Specifically, you leave be able toIdentify market opportunities Investigate merchandise opportunities prize required changes to catamenia operations Reporting of judgement outcomes Your result allow for be recorded and reported to you as Distinction or book of facts or Competent or Not yet Competent. If you are doing this unit in a course which is sortd (Pass, Credit or Distinction) and this is superstar of the units which contribute to the course stray, your result in this unit will be assigned a nominal mark which will be apply to calculate your course grade. Requirements to successfully complete this unit of competency IntroductionAssessment is a process that will require you to provide testify that you have achieved the fellowship and skills required in this unit of competency. Successful completion of this unit is found on the estimation of your demonstrated competence in a employment or simulated workplace environment. How do you complete this unit? You pot complete this unit by demonstrating competence. To do this you must provide evidence that you can put a written report which identifies, evaluates and ranks a outlet of Marketing Opportunities Prepare an opportunity scope memorandum that intelligibly describes the proposed executing of the marketing opportunitySynthesise the scope, viability, happens and forecast outcomes of the proposed marketing opportunity into a persuasive innovation to gain buy-in for the marketing opportunity What evidence will you be asked to tack? You may be requested to 1. Identify and assess Marketing Opportunities and fill a Written Report Identify and evaluate marketing opportunities. place a SWOT analysis and identify four (4) marketing opportunities. Evaluate each of the four identified opportunities using a range of inflection for example financial totals marketing measures customer impact methods and competitor solution analysis.Rank the marketing opportunities and identify the key opportunity. (This marketing opportunity will be explored further in the next task) 2. Write a Scope document and Plan the execution of a marketing opportunity This would include establishing the marketing opportunity objective, analysing and assessing organizational preparedness scheming a marketing opportunity implementation schedule establishing a financial analysis, projections and forecasted results for the marketing opportunity designing suitable marketing controls establish a clear correspondence to the key isks involved in the marketing opportunity and the strategies for managing these risks 3. Provide a persuasive Marketing Opportunity Presentation Present your marketing opportunity. This would include synthesizing your marketing opportunity framework into communicable pieces, where you would impart objectives and expected outcomes define the risks clarify changes that will need to be made and communicate the viability of making changes to current operations. Your peers should act as managers and key stakeholders providing feedback on the presentation of your marketing opportunity.Your instructor will appreciate you of the specific assessment requirements for this unit. This is a graded unit. To earn a PASS grade you must Identify several marketing opportunities using a SWOT analysis Analyse and then evaluate marketing opportunities using one marketing and one financial measure Prioritise marketin g opportunities rank marketing opportunities and identify key opportunities. prepare a clear understanding of the key risks involved in the marketing opportunity and the strategies for managing these risks.Scope and plan the execution of one marketing opportunity Prepare a good quality written report and scope document Present your marketing opportunity to your peers To receive a CREDIT grade you must Meet all the criteria of a pass grade Identify marketing opportunities using a greater number of sources and areas of growth eg internationalist growth Apply entrepreneurial and creative thinking frameworks to the identification of opportunities expenditure a more extensive number of evaluation methods including finance, marketing, customer and risk method.Demonstrate advanced skills in prioritising the various opportunities. Demonstrate a clear understanding of the concept of risk and how it applies to the evaluation of opportunity Prepare a overlord quality written report and scope document Provide a professional quality presentation which demonstrates high level presentation techniques and is tended to(p) by visual/sound aids. Address audience questions and garner feedback from peers in regard to the presentation of the opportunity To receive a DISTINCTION grade you must Meet all the criteria of a credit gradeDemonstrate an advanced ability to plan, organise and control market opportunity analysis, evaluation and scoping Produce clearly superior identification and evaluation of opportunities Draw on an immense number of sources and areas of growth to support market opportunity identification Clearly surface an application of and understanding of entrepreneurial and creative thinking frameworks and how they should be use to the identification of marketing opportunities Evaluate every opportunity using a range of methods finance, marketing, customer and risk methods.Present reports of desk-top publishing quality with complete audio/visual support for p resentation. Respond to peer feedback in a professional and detailed manner What you will need Your teacher will advise you of any resources, including text books, which you will require for this unit. More about assessment For information about assessment in TAFE please see all(prenominal) Students Guide to Assessment in TAFE NSW which is available on the TAFE internet order at http//www. tafensw. edu. au/courses/about/assessment_guide. htm Additional details for local assessment arrangements

Financial Aid Appeal Letter Essay

My name is Ali Shaheed and I am writing to speak to my suspension from financial aid. I hope that you depart reconsider your finality and grant my financial aid. I would like to begin thanking you in toss out for taking the time to read this letter and consider my request to fix my financial aid at Henry Ford Community College. I take full responsibility for my unsatisfactory completion rate, but I would like to explain the circumstances. I started my first semester at HFCC in spend 2012, and I failed to attend my classes due to my mother being sick, and I had to speed up her to the hospital every other day. I had to take care of her because Im the only one she had. In a result I failed to make satisfactory academic progress due to me not attending classes. This summer of 2013 I went to bread maker College of Allen Park to continue my education because they approve me for financial grants, and because I could not afford to pay my classes at HFCC. right off Im a full time stu dent at Baker and I have completed one class so far and I got an A in it, and I got 3 to a greater extent classes that Im currently attending right now, I will attach my classes schedule and registration with this letter to verify and see that Im serious about this and I want to move send on to continue my education and be successful and never look back, and my I will also send in my official transcript from Baker when I finish up the semester in December 16th 2013. Im looking forward now to go back to HFCC for the winter semester because they got divulge learning environment and better teachers and its the college that I want to finish my education at. I am really serious about my future and I recognize that a degree is essential in attaining a great career. Again, thank you for taking the time to read this letter, and I order you, if granted financial aid, my education and will continue to be my of import priority.

Formal Report Exp 9

University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy constitutive(a) Chemistry laboratory APPLICATION OF antithetical KINDS OF TEST TO CLASSIFY HYROXY- AND CARBONYL-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS Jane Catherine SP. Villanueva, Edenn Claudine C. Villaraza, Lorenz Oliver C. Villegas and Cristel Bernice T. Wee Group 10 2G-Medical Technology thorough Chemistry Laboratory ABSTRACT Hydroxyl sort outing refers to a in operation(p) chemical congregation take foring OH- when it is a substituent in an organic compound. It is alike cognise as the characteristic practicable group of intoxicants and phenols.On the an opposite(prenominal) hand, snowylic group refers to a divalent chemical unit consisting of a blow and an memberic number 8 atom connected by a reprize stand by. It is kn admit as the characteristic usable group of aldehydes and ket unrivaleds instead. In this experiment, hydroxyl group- or nose candyylic- containing stresss were given to the group for examination. The samp les were study through different runs namely the involvement of the solubility of inebriantic drinkic beverageic beverageic drinks in urine, the Lucas streamlet, the Chromic sharp taste or also known as J atomic number 53s oxidation, the 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) scrutiny, the Fehlings turn out, the Tollens Silver Mirror streak, and the Iodo be try out.The solubility of intoxicantic beverageic beverages in peeing rise cross-fileed that the sample, benzyl radical alcoholic drink was im mixable plot of land fermentation alcohol was the most miscible from all the separate compounds utilize. While in Lucas canvas which was utilise to tell the essential, supplementary, and tertiary alcohols had turned tert- neverthelessyl alcohol into a cloudy consequence afterwards. In Chromic Acid Test which was a discharge for oxidizable compounds or whatever compounds that possess bolshieucing property would yield to a blue thou rootage if it reacted p lusly. This was seen in all the sample apply in this try out except for acetone.Whereas Dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) Test was pre create to examine for aldehydes and ketones which would expiry to a twist orange tree tree hang if it was positively reacted. All the compounds subjected to this streamlet namely n-butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde and acetone gave a positive answer. Fehlings Test and Tollens Silver Mirror Test were utilise to foot races for aldehydes. In Fehling Test, two the n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde gave a positive resolve which was a brick red boil down but acetone gave a negative result which was save a blue beginning.While the Tollens Silver Mirror Test had shown that both n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde gave a positive result which was a silver mirror and because again acetone gave a negative result which was the absence of a silver mirror. Lastly triiodomethane footrace was per create and was known as a running game for methyl group g roup carbinol and methyl centuryyl groups. Both acetone and isopropyl alcohol resulted to a positive outcome in this test which was brass of yellow boil down but n-butyraldehyde on the some some other hand yield to a negative result which was a yellow outcome containing black precipitate. asylumIn organic chemistry, potpourri of test was tests that categorize a nerve center into one of some(prenominal) classes. They were used to detect functional groups and other geomorphological features. intoxicant were derivatives of hydro degree Celsius papers in which one or more of the henry atoms primary(prenominal)tain been re move by a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group. Hydro one Cs ar compounds which contain hydrogen (H) and carbon (C) only. The hydroxyl group imparts particular properties to the radical to which it is connected. 1 inning 1. Alcohol Alcohols atomic number 18 classified into three categories primary (1), unessential (2) and tertiary (3).This classification is based on the number of carbon-containing groups (R for an alkyl radical or an aromatic group) attached to the carbon rush the hydroxyl group. If the carbon bearing the OH has one R group, the whit is a primary alcohol. If two R groups argon attached, it is because(prenominal) a standby alcohol. If three R groups argon attached, whence the alcohol is tertiary14 discover 2. Three alcohol groups There are other molecules that contain an -OH group. Even though water (H2O) contains OH, it is non considered as an alcohol because alcohols were outlined as organic compounds that make water little or no ionization of the ydrogen. Other organic compounds that contain -OH groups but are not alcohols are phenol (C6H5OH) and acetic dose (CH3COOH). These compounds are not alcohols because they are acidic. The full term alcohol, whence, is another representation of a type of electronic structure in the molecules of substances. 3 4 Phenols are aromatic compounds in which a hydro xide group is instantaneously bonded to an aromatic ring system. They are truly weak acids, and deal alcohols, form ethers and esters. The main phenols are phenol itself, cresol, resorcinol, pyrogallol, and picric acid.Phenol itself (C6H5OH), also known as carbolic acid, is a white, hygroscopic crystalline solid, isolable from coal tar, but do by acid hydrolysis of cumene hy throw awayeroxide, or by fusion of atomic number 11 benzenesulfonate with sodium hydroxide. Formerly used as an antiseptic, phenol has more latterly been used to make bakelite and other resins, plastics, dyes, detergents, and drugs. 4 15 The hydroxyl- containing compounds used in the experiment were fermentation alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol.grain alcohol also known as ethyl alcohol is a actualize, dull uns postpone with a characteristic, agreeable odor. In dilute aqueous solution, it has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in more opero se solutions it has a burning taste. Its low freezing point has make it recyclable as the fluid in thermometers for temperatures below 40C, the freezing point of mercury, and for other low-temperature purposes, such as for antifreeze in automobile radiators. grain alcohol is miscible in all proportions with water and with most organic solvents. It is profi skirt as a solvent for many substances and in making perfumes, paints, lacquer, and explosives. 15 visualize 3. coordinate of ethyl alcohol n-butyl alcohol also known as n-butanol, 1-Butanol or 1-butyl alcohol is a four carbon straight chain alcohol. It is a volatile, fire bland with a intemperate alcoholic odor, and is miscible with water. It is a highly refractile compound which corrodes some plastics, and rubbers. It is miscible with many organic solvents, and incompatible with fast changers. It is also used as a direct solvent and as an intermediate in the manufacture of other organic chemicals. 7 Figure 4. Structur e of n-butyl alcoholSec-butyl alcohol, a four carbon secondary alcohol, is a volatile, pass along tranquil with a strong alcoholic odor with a water solubility of 12. 5%. This substance is most hazardous when peroxide levels are arduous by distillation or evaporation. It is a highly refractive compound which corrodes some plastics, and rubbers. It is miscible with many organic solvents, and incompatible with strong oxidizers. It is flammable strongly with a luminous flame. It is used as a direct solvent and as an intermediate in the manufacture of other organic chemicals. 8 Figure 5.Structure of Sec-butyl alcohol Tert-butyl alcohol is a clear, noncorrosive facile. It is miscible with water as well as most common organic solvents. The sterically hindered tertiary butyl group imparts st index compared to primary and secondary alcohols. As a result, the solubility and oxidative stability characteristics provide many industrial applications as a reply and process solvent and chemi cal intermediate. It is used as a non-reactive solvent for chemical chemical reactions, a non-surfactant compatibilizer for many solvent blends, and a non-corrosive solvent.It is used in free radical polymerizations to dissolve monomers. TBA is a main raw material of tert-butyl functional group in organic synthesis. 9 Figure 6. Structure of Tert-butyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol also known as propan-2-ol, 2-propanol is a common name for a chemical compound with the molecular design C3H8O. It is a dull, flammable chemical compound with a strong odor. It is the simplest exemplar of a secondary alcohol, where the alcohol carbon is attached to two other carbons. Being a secondary alcohol, isopropyl alcohol can be oxidate to acetone, which is the corresponding ketone.Isopropyl alcohol dissolves a wide range of non-polar compounds. It is also relatively non-toxic and evaporates quickly. Thus it is used widely as a solvent and as a cleaning fluid, especially for dissolving lipophilic co ntaminants such as oil. 10 Figure 7. Structure of Isopropyl alcohol benzyl group alcohol (C6H5CH2OH) is a colorless(prenominal) liquid with a mild pleasant aromatic odor. It is a useful solvent due to its polarity, low toxicity, and low vapor pressure. Benzyl alcohol is partially soluble in water (4g/100mL) and solely miscible in alcohols and diethyl ether.Like most alcohols, it reacts with carboxyl acids to form esters. Benzyl alcohol is used as a general solvent for inks, paints, lacquers, and epoxy glue resin coatings. It is also a precursor to a intermixture of esters, used in the soap, perfume, and flavor industries. It is often added to intravenous medication solutions as a preservative due to its bacteriostatic and antipruritic properties. 15 Figure 8. Structure of Benzyl alcohol Carbonyl group is a divalent chemical unit consisting of a carbon and an atomic number 8 atom connected by a double bond.The group is a constituent of carboxylic acids, esters, anhydrides, acyl halides, amides, and quinones, and it is the characteristic functional group of aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic acid and their derivatives, aldehydes, ketones, and quinones are also known collectively as carbonylicic compounds. Aldehydes and ketones contain carbonyl groups attached to alkyl or aryl groups and a hydrogen atom or both. These groups have little do on the electron distribution in the carbonyl group thus, the properties of aldehydes and ketones are determined by the behavior of the carbonyl group.In carboxylic acids and their derivatives, the carbonyl group is attached to one of the halogen atoms or to groups containing atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. These atoms do affect the carbonyl group, forming a new functional group with distinctive properties. Figure 9. Carbonyl Group An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal carbonyl group. This functional group, called an aldehyde group, consists of a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom with a single covalent bond and an oxygen atom with a double bond.Thus the chemical formula for an aldehyde functional group is -CH=O, and the general formula for an aldehyde is R-CH=O. The aldehyde group is occasionally called the formyl or methanoyl group. The condition aldehyde is a combination of parts of the words alcohol and dehydrogenated, because the first aldehyde was alert by removing two hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from ethanol. Molecules that contain an aldehyde group can be converted to alcohols by the addition of two hydrogen atoms to the central carbon oxygen double bond (reduction). primitive acids are the result of the macrocosm of one oxygen atom to the carbonyl group ( oxidisation). Aldehydes are very easy to detect by smell. Some are very fragrant, and others have a smell resembling that of rotten fruit. 15 On the other hand, Ketone features a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms. They differ from aldehydes in that the carbonyl is place mingl ed with two carbons rather than at the end of a carbon skeleton. They are also distinct from other functional groups, such as carboxylic acids, esters and amides, which have a carbonyl group bonded to a hetero atom.Ketone compounds have important physiological properties. They are found in several sugars and in compounds for medicinal use, including natural and synthetic steroid hormones. 15 The difference between aldehydes and ketones is in the groups that are attached to the carbonyl carbon atom. In the role of an aldehyde, there is always at least one H atom attached to the carbonyl carbon atom. An aldehyde has one R group attached. R stands for any other organic chain or group. In the chance of ketones, there are no H atoms attached to the carbonyl carbon. The ketone has two R groups attached. 2 15 Figure 10.Structure of Aldehyde and Ketone Some of the carbonyl-containing compounds used in the experiment were benzaldehyde, n-butraldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and acetophenon e. Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) also known as benzenecarbonal is a colorless liquid aldehyde with a characteristic almond odor. It boils at 180C, is soluble in ethanol, but is water-insoluble in water. It is formed by partial oxidation of benzyl alcohol, and on oxidation forms benzoic acid. It is called oil of bitter almond, since it is formed when amygdalin, a glucoside present in the kernels of bitter almonds and in apricot pits, is hydrolyzed, e. . , by crushing the kernels or pits and boiling them in water glucose and hydrogen nitrile (a poisonous gas) are also formed. It is also on the watch by oxidation of toluene or benzyl chloride or by treating benzal chloride with an alkali. Benzaldehyde is used in the preparation of certain aniline dyes and of other products, including perfumes and flavorings. 13 Figure 11. Structure of Benzaldehyde acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) also known as ethanol is a colorless liquid aldehyde, some seasons simply called aldehyde. It is soluble in water and eth anol.Acetaldehyde is made commercially by the oxidation of ethylene with a palladium catalyst. It is used as a reducing agent (e. g. , for silvering mirrors), in the manufacture of synthetic resins and dyestuffs, and as a preservative. 11 Figure 12. Structure of Acetaldehyde n-butyraldehyde (CH3(CH2)2CHO) also known as butanal is an aldehyde derivative of butane. It is a colorless flammable liquid that smells deal sweaty feet. It is miscible with most organic solvents. n-butyraldehyde is used as an intermediate in the manufacturing plasticizers, alcohols, solvents and polymers.It is also used as an intermediate to make pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, antioxidants, rubber accelerators, fabric auxiliaries, perfumery and flavors. 12 Figure 13. Structure of N-butyraldehyde propanone ((CH3)2CO) also known as propanone is colorless, mobile, flammable liquid with a characteristic sweetish smell is the simplest utilization of the ketones. Acetone is miscible with water and serves as an important solvent in its own right, typically as the solvent of choice for cleaning purposes in the laboratory. 6 Figure 14. Structure of Acetone Acetophenone (C6H5C(O)CH3) is the simplest aromatic ketone.This colorless, viscous liquid is a precursor to useful resins and fragrances. It can be obtained by a variety of methods. In industry, acetophenone is recovered as a by-product of the oxidation of ethylbenzene, which principally gives ethylbenzene hy throweroxide for use in the production of propylene oxide. 5 Figure 15. Structure of Acetophenone The hydroxyl- and carbonyl- containing compounds were analyzed by utilization of different tests such as testing the solubility of alcohols in water, Lucas Test, Chromic Acid Test (Jones oxidisation), 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone Test, Fehlings Test, Tollens Silver Mirror Test, and triiodomethane Test.Most organic compounds were not soluble in water with the elision of low molecular-weight amines and oxygen-containing compounds like al cohols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and ketones. Low molecular-weight compounds are generally especial(a) to those with fewer than five carbon atoms. 14 Lucas Test often provides classification culture for alcohols, as well as a probe for the existence of the hydroxyl group. Substrates that easily give rise to cationic character at the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group under(a)go this test readily primary alcohols do not give a positive result.Since the Lucas Test depends on the port of the alkyl chloride as a second liquid phase, it is unremarkably applicable only to alcohols that are soluble in the reagent. This limits the test in general to monofunctional alcohols lower than hexyl and certain polyfunctional molecules. 4 Chromic Acid Test also called Jones Oxidation detects the front line of a hydroxyl substituent that is on a carbon bearing at least one hydrogen, and therefore oxidizable. It is detected by the appearance of Cr+3 ion. This test can be used to recite aldehy des and ketones.A positive result would show green or bluish green solution. 4 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone Test can be used to qualitatively detect the carbonyl functionality of a ketone or aldehyde functional group. Ketones and Aldehydes would form yellow to orange precipitate after undergoing in this test. 4 Fehlings Test and Tollens Silver Mirror Test are used to detect aldehydes. However, Fehlings solution can only be used to test for aliphatic aldehydes, whereas Tollens reagent can be used to test for both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes.A positive result in Fehlings Test would give a brick red precipitate maculation in Tollens Silver Mirror, it is the governing body of silver mirror. 4 Iodoform Test is a test for methyl carbinol and methyl carbonyl group. A positive result would yield to yellow crystals or precipitate. Its mechanism occurs through a series of enolate anions which are iodinated. 4 The objectives of the experiment were to learn whether a compound was a hydr oxyl- or carbonyl-containing, to differentiate the three types of alcohols, to differentiate aldehydes from ketones and to explain the mechanisms involved in the differentiating tests. experimental A. Compounds Tested * Ethanol * n-butyl alcohol * Sec-butyl alcohol * Tert-butyl alcohol * Benzyl alcohol * n- butyraldehyde * Benzaldehyde * Acetone * Acetophenone * Isopropyl alcohol * Acetaldehyde * Lucas reagent * Chromic acid reagent * 95% ethanol * Fehlings A and B * Tollens reagent * 5% NaOCl solution * Iodoform test reagent * 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine B. Procedure 1. Testing the solubility of alcohols in water The samples involved in the experiment were ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol.Five test tubes were labeled with from each one of the alcohol samples. With the aid of a Pasteur pipette, 10 drops from each of the samples were taken then placed into the appropriate test tube. To the tube containing ethanol, 1-ml of water was t hen added drop apt to the tube containing alcohol and the mixture was shaken thoroughly after each addition. If cloudiness resulted, 0. 25-ml of water at a time was added continuously with alert shaking until a homogeneous dispersion results. The total volume of water added was far-famed. If cloudiness resulted after the addition of 2. -ml of water, the alcohol is said to be non-miscible in water but if there was no cloudiness then it is miscible to water. The results were noted down. The same procedure was performed on the test tubes containing n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol. 2. Using the Lucas Test This test was performed on n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol. Lucas reagent was nimble by dissolving 16 g of anhydrous zinc chloride in 10-ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid. The mixture was then allowed to cool.The Lucas Reagent was already lively beforehand. 50-mg or 2-3 drops of the sample w as added to 1-ml of the reagent in a test tube and the mixture was shaken vigorously for a few seconds. The mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature. The rate of formation of the cloudy suspension or the formation of two layers was observed. 3. Using the Chromic Acid Test / Jones Oxidation This test was performed on n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and acetone. 1 drop of liquid or a small amount of the solid sample was fade away in 1-ml of acetone in a small vial or test tube. drops of 10% aqueous Potassium chromate solution and 5 drops of 6M sulfuric acid were added into the mixture. 4. Using the 2,4-DNP Test This test was performed on acetone, n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde. The reagent was prepared by slowly adding a solution of 3 g of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in 15-ml of concentrated sulphuric acid, tour stirring to a mixture of 20-ml of water and 70-ml of 95% ethanol. The solution was then stirred and filtered. This reagent was already prepared beforehand. A drop of a liquid sample was placed into a small sample. 5 drops of 95% ethanol was added and well shaken.Afterwards, 3 drops of 2,4-DNP was added and if no yellow or orange precipitate formed, the solution was allowed to stand for at least 15 legal proceeding. 5. Using the Fehlings Test This test was performed on acetone, n-butyraldehyde, and benzaldehyde. Fehlings reagent was prepared by mixing equal amounts of Fehlings A and Fehlings B. Fehlings A was prepared by dissolving 7 g of hydrate sloven (II) sulfate in 100-ml of water. Fehlings B was prepared by mixing 35 g of Potassium sodium tartrate and 10 g of Sodium hydroxide in 100-ml water. Then, 1-ml of freshly prepared Fehlings reagent was placed into each test tube. drops of the sample to be tested was added in to the tube. The tubes were then placed in a beaker of boiling water and changes within 10-15 minutes were observed. 6. Using the Tollens Silver Mirror Test This test was performed on be nzaldehyde, acetone and n-butyraldehyde. The reagent was prepared by adding 2 drops of 5% Sodium hydroxide solution to 2-ml of 5% Silver nitrate solution and mixing thoroughly. Next, only becoming 2% ammonium hydroxide (concentrated ammonium hydroxide is 28%) was added drop by drop and with stirring to dissolve the precipitate.Adding excess ammonia leave behind cause discrepancies on the result of the test. Then, four test tubes with 1-ml of freshly prepared Tollens reagent were prepared. Two drops each of the samples were then added. The mixture was shaken and allowed to stand for 10 minutes. If no reaction has occurred, the test tube was placed in a beaker of warm water (35-50 oC) for 5 minutes. Observations were recorded. It was noted that if Tollens reagent is left unused for a period of time, it may form explosive silver. This was avoided by neutralizing unused reagent with a little nitric acid and discarded afterwards. . Using the Iodoform Test This test was performed on ace tone, n- butyraldehyde and isopropyl alcohol. 2 drops of each sample was placed into its own small vial or test tube. 20 drops of fresh atomic number 17 bleach (5% Sodium hypochlorite) was slowly added while shaking to each test tube and then, mixed. The formation of a yellow participate was noted. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. solvability of Alcohols in water In the experiment, five compounds were tested to determine the forepart of the OH, hydroxyl group through solubility of the sample in water.The presence of an OH group was indicated by the miscibility of the substance. This follows the general rule in solubility that like dissolves like. Meaning, a polar solute forget dissolve in a polar solvent and a non polar solute will be insoluble in a polar solvent. 14 Going back to the experiment, it was observed that alcohol was soluble in water but as the number of carbon atoms in the carbon chain of the alcohol increased, the solubility of the alcohol sample decreased. It was also obs erved that branching of the compound increased its solubility in water.Branching will increase solubility since more branching will reduce the size of the molecule and make it easier to solvate the molecules with the solvent. 14 The results of the experiment show that the solubility of alcohols in water depends on the balance between the forcefulness of the hydrogen bonds formed between water and the hydroxyl group, and the strength of the wagon train der Waals forces between the hydrocarbon chains of the alcohol. Alcohol Condensed geomorphologic recipe Amount of Water (in ml) needed to produce a homogeneous dispersion Solubility in Water Ethanol CH3CH2OH 0. ml Most Miscible n-butyl alcohol CH3CH2CH2CH2OH 2. 0 ml Miscible Sec-butyl alcohol 1. 4 ml Miscible Tert-butyl alcohol 0. 5 ml Miscible Benzyl alcohol More than 2. 0 ml Immiscible prorogue 1. Solubility of alcohols in water The table above showed that ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and tert-butyl alcohol wer e all miscible with water. Only benzyl alcohol had exhibited immiscibility with water. As stated, all alcohols were soluble in water except under C6. Hence, ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and tert-butyl alcohol are all miscible with water.Ethanol has two carbon atoms, while the other three all have four carbons since they are all derivatives of the alcohol, butanol. Benzyl alcohol was immiscible with water because it is an aromatic alcohol. Ethanol was the most miscible alcohol followed by tert-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and n-butyl alcohol. Ethanol exhibited fastest solubility because it has only two carbon atoms as compared to the butanol derivatives having four carbon atoms. Tert-butyl alcohol was the most miscible among the butanol derivatives because it has the most branching substituents present. 2. Lucas TestThe four types of alcohols namely n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol were differentiated from each other by way of the Lucas Test. Lucas Test differentiates primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols. Reagents used include anhydrous ZnCl2 and HCl. Positive result was based on its turbidity or alkyl chloride formation and its rate of the reaction. Tertiary alcohols formed the second layer in less than a minute. Secondary alcohols required 5-10 minutes before formation of second layer while primary alcohols were usually stable. heart Condensed morphologic Formula reaction -butyl alcohol CH3CH2CH2CH2OH Clear solution(+) Sec-butyl alcohol Clear solution(+) Tert-butyl alcohol Turbid (+++) /Cloudy solution and formation of two layers IsopropylAlcohol ClearSolution(+) Table 2. Lucas Test ground on Table 2, it was only tert-butyl alcohol which had immediately formed two layers or a cloudy solution hence, it was known to be a tertiary alcohol. Sec-butyl alcohol and Isopropyl alcohol when subjected to Lucas test resulted to a clear solution although theoretically, a secondary alcohol dissol ves to give a clear solution then form chlorides which would yield to a cloudy solution within five minutes. -butyl alcohol was considered as a primary alcohol. It was unreactive but eventually would react after long period of time. Generally, the guild of reactivity of the alcohols toward Lucas reagent was 321 because the reaction rate was lots faster when the carbocation intermediate was more stabilized by a greater number of electron founding fatherating alkyl group bonded to the positive carbon atom. This agent that the greater the alkyl groups present in a compound, the faster its reaction would be with the Lucas solution. 1 Figure 16. answer in Lucas Test 3. Chromic Acid Test (Jones Oxidation) This test was performed on n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and acetone. The chromic acid test classifies the three types of alcohols by oxidizing the alcohol. The test was also used to be able to distinguish aldehydes from ketones. Since primary an d secondary alcohols were also oxidized by the chromic acid reagent, this test was not useful for distinguishing aldehydes unless a positive identification of a carbonyl group has been obtained from the 2,4-DNP test.Chromic acid has an orange-red color due to the presence of Cr+6 ions, upon oxidation of the aldehyde, the chromium was reduced to Cr+3, which had a green color. A positive result was indicated by a green precipitate due to chromous sulfate, Cr? (SO? )?. 1 From the results, it was noted that the formation of an opaque chromatic suspension within 2-3 seconds, accompanied by disappearance of the orange color of the reagent, indicates a primary or secondary alcohol. A primary alcohol oxidizes readily, first to an aldehyde, then to a carboxylic acid.These two oxidation steps made sense because the primary alcohol functional group has two C-H bonds that can be broken secondary alcohols were oxidized to ketones, a secondary alcohol only has one C-H bond that can be broken, so it can only oxidize once, to a ketone a tertiary alcohol has no C-H bond that can be broken, so it was not oxidized, no matter how strong the oxidizing agent was. During the oxidation, the orange-red color of the chromic acid changed to a blue-green solution. Figure 17. Oxidation of the three types of Alcohols The results also show that aldehydes gave the same result but reacted more slowly.With aliphatic aldehydes, the solution turned cloudy in about 5 seconds, and the opaque blue-green suspension formed within 30 seconds aromatic aldehydes required 30-90 seconds or longer before a suspension formed. The generation of some other dark color, particularly with the liquid remaining orange, was considered a negative test. It was reason out that alcohols and aldehydes are oxidized by chromic acid but ketones were not because they dont have a hydrogen atom attached to their carbonyl group that can be used for oxidation. Figure 18. Oxidation of Aldehyde Substance Condensed Structural Fo rmula answer -butyl alcohol CH3CH2CH2CH2OH coloured green solution(+) Sec-butyl alcohol Blue green solution(+) Tert-butyl alcohol Blue green solution (+) n-butyraldehyde Blue greenSolution (+) Benzaldehyde Blue green solution(+) Acetone Green solution(-) Table 3. Reactions to the Chromic Acid Test It was observed that all the compounds tested gave a visible positive result, a blue green solution, except for acetone which had yielded to a green solution. 4. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone Test This test was performed on acetone, n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde.The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) test determined the presence of a carbonyl group in the sample compound. The test used an organic reactant, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, to distinguish the carbonyl compounds, aldehydes and ketones, from the non-carbonyl compounds, alcohols. The 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent was a translucent yellow solution. When this reagent was subjected in the presence of a carbonyl compound, a yellow colored precipitate would form while in the presence of an alcohol, the solution would remain translucent yellow with no precipitate formed.The reaction of 2,4-DNP with an aldehyde or ketone was a condensation reaction. Under less acidic conditions, in this type of reaction, a nucleophile donates a pair of electrons toward the carbonyl carbon forming a single bond to it. 2 At the same time the double bond between the carbonyl carbon and oxygen becomes a single bond as one bonding pair of electrons in the double bond moves to become an unshared pair on the oxygen. The oxygen now has one bond to it and it holds three pairs of unshared electrons, so it has a negative charge.Consequently, the oxygen picks up a proton from somewhere and becomes an -OH group. The proton from the acid attaches itself to one of the unshared pairs of electrons on the oxygen. The carbonyl group now has a +1 charge and is very inviting to even a weak nucleophile. So, the nucleophile attacks the carbo nyl carbon forming a bond and the doubly bonded oxygen of the carbonyl becomes an -OH, as before. 1 Figure 19. Nucleophilic addition of 2,4-DNP to Acetone. As seen just below, this product is not usually the one that was isolated.Rather this product undergoes an elimination reaction in which the -OH was removed from the carbon to which it is attached and the hydrogen was removed from the nitrogen immediately to the right, resulting in a double bond between the nitrogen and carbon and a molecule of water. The final product was known as a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone. That is why this reaction was also considered as an elimination reaction. Figure 20. Elimination reaction of DNP Figure 21. Reaction of 2,4-DNP with a Carbonyl group Substance Condensed Structural Formula Reaction n-butyraldehyde Yellow- orange precipitate(+)Benzaldehyde Yellow orange precipitate(+) Acetone Yellow orange precipitate(+) Table 4. Reactions to the 2,4- DNP Test As shown on table 4, it was observed that the re was a formation of a yellow orange precipitate in all the compounds used. This would then indicate a presence of either an aldehyde or a ketone. 5. Fehlings Test Fehlings test differentiated aldehydes and ketones. It was based upon the ability of the aldehyde group to reduce the Cu+2 ion of Cu(OH)? , a blue color, to the Cu ion of Cu? O, a dark red color, in the presence of a base.Fehlings solution contains copper (II) ions complex with tartrate ions in sodium hydroxide solution. touch of the copper (II) ions with tartrate ions prevents precipitation of copper (II) hydroxide. Aldehydes reduce the complex copper (II) ion to copper (I) oxide, changing the color of the solution to brick red or dark green. Because the solution is alkaline, the aldehyde itself is oxidized to a salt of the corresponding carboxylic acid. 2 In petty it involved a redox reaction wherein aldehyde was oxidized to carboxylic acid and ketones did not undergo oxidation. Copper was reduced from Cu2+ to Cu+. Figure 22.Oxidation of aldehyde to carboxylic acid through Fehlings test It was a test for aldehydes. Reagents include CuSO4, NaOH. A positive result is the formation of brick red precipitate (Cu2O/cuprous oxide). This test was performed on acetone, n-butyraldehyde, and benzaldehyde. Substance Condensed Structural Formula Reaction n-butyraldehyde Brick red precipitate (+) Benzaldehyde Brick red precipitate(+) Acetone Clear blue solution(-) Table 5. Reactions to the Fehlings Test As shown in Table 5, n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde exhibited positive result while acetone exhibited an absence of brick red precipitate.It can be reason out that n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde were both aldehyde. 6. Tollens Silver Mirror Test Tollens silver mirror test was a test for aldehydes. Tollens reagent was an ammoniacal solution of silver ion prepared by dissolving silver oxide in ammonia. The preparation of the reagent is based on the formation of a silver diamine complex that is water sol uble in basic solution. In this reaction, the aldehyde was oxidized to a carboxylic acid while the Ag+1was reduced to silver metal, which deposited as a thin plastic film on the inner surface of the glass.The generic reaction was as follows and was special for aldehydes. 16 Figure 23. Oxidation of aldehyde with Tollens reagent Substance Condensed Structural Formula Reaction n-butyraldehyde Silver Mirror(+) Benzaldehyde Silver Mirror(+) Acetone Clear grayish-black solution (-) Table 6. Reactions to Tollens Silver Mirror Test This test was performed on benzaldehyde, acetone and n-butyraldehyde. Based on the results seen in table 6, it was concluded that the aldehyde samples produced a silver mirror on the inner surface of the test tube since aldehydes were easily oxidized.The ketones sample, acetone, on the other hand, didnt form this mirror image because of its inability to oxidize due to the lack of a hydrogen atom attached to its carbonyl group that could be used for oxidation . 7. Iodoform Test Iodoform test was a test for methyl carbinol, secondary alcohol with adjacent methyl group, and methyl carbonyl. Methyl ketones, but not other ketones, were oxidized by single in aqueous sodium hydroxide. The ketone was oxidized to a carboxylic acid which yellow iodoform/ precipitate would be formed. It was the yellow precipitate formed would be the basis of a positive result.Acetaldehyde, but not other aldehydes, would yield to a positive result in this test owing to its structural similarity to methyl ketones. It was also true that ethanol would be oxidized to acetaldehyde and secondary alcohols that could be oxidized to methyl ketones given this test. 2 Figure 24. Oxidation of a methyl ketone Substance Condensed Structural Formula Reaction N-butraldehyde Yellow solution with black precipitate (-) Acetone Yellow precipitate Isopropyl alcohol Yellow precipitate Table 7. Reaction to the Iodoform TestThis test was performed on acetone, n- butyraldehyde and isop ropyl alcohol. Based on table 7, the results indicate that the methyl ketones of isopropyl alcohol and acetone were oxidized by iodine to carboxylic acids because the compounds formed a yellow precipitate while n-bytraldehyde didnt. It was then concluded that compounds with a methyl group next to the carbonyl group would give a positive result in the iodoform test, ethanol and secondary alcohols with the methyl group attached to the same carbon as the OH- group would also give a positive result.During the experiment, the compounds acetaldehyde and acetophenone were not available. This was the reason why results of these compounds in different tests were not observed but based from different informations which were gathered from different sources. Acetophenone would give a positive result in the following test namely 2,4 DNP test and Iodoform test. While acetaldehyde would give a positive result in the following test namely Chromic Acid test, 2,4 DNP test, Fehlings test and as well a s Tollens Silver Mirror test. REFERENCES From books 1Lehman, John W(2009).Operational Organic Chemistry A Problem-Solving Approach to the Laboratory Course. Upper Saddle River, newfound Jersey Pearson Prentice. 2Martin, Stephen F(2011). Organic Chemistry Laboratory Experiments Miniscale and Microscale. Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning. 3McMurry, John(2010). Foundations of Organic Chemistry, Philippine Edition. Cengage Learning. 4Shriner, Ralph Lloyd (1980). Systematic Identification of Organic Compound A Laboratory Manual (6th Ed. ). John Wiley Sons, Inc. New York Van Hoffmann Press. From Websites 5Acetophenone. www. chemicalland21. om/industrialchem/solalc/ACETOPHENONE. htm 09/09/11 6Acetone. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/solalc/ACETONE. htm 09/09/11 7n-butyl alcohol. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/solalc/NBUTYLALCOHOL. htm 09/09/11 8Sec-butyl alcohol. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/solalc/2-BUTANOL. htm 09/09/11 9Tert-butyl alcohol. www. chemicalland21. c om/industrialchem/solalc/TERTBUTYL%20ALCOHOL 09/10/11 10Isopropyl alcohol. www. chemicalland21. com/petrochemical/ISOPROPANOL. htm 09/10/11 11Acetaldehyde. www. ntp. niehs. nih. gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s001acet. df09/10/11 12n-butyraldehyde. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/organic/N-BUTYRALDEHYDE. htm 09/10/11 13Benzaldehyde. www. chemicalland21. com/specialtychem/perchem/BENZALDEHYDE. htm 09/10/11 14Solubility of Things. www. solubilityofthings. com/water/alcohols 09/09/11 15Alcohols, Aldehydes and Ketones. www. ipfw. edu/chem/112/kimble/3-Alcohol%20Aldehyde%20Ketones. pdf 09/10/11 From scientific journals 16Ennis, J. L. and E. S. Shanley. Silver Nitrides. Journal of chemical substance Education (1991) 68, A6. Silver Nitrides. Journal of Chemical Education (1991) 68, A6.