Linguistics and Language Essay

?Write about the 2 theories of 1st language acquisition and choose which most tenableand provide examples and relevant literature one you find Michelle In this essay, I will explain as well as compare two theories of first language acquisition, behaviorism and innatism. I will explore the differences between them in such categories as the role of the learner, the role of the environment and as well as their strengths and weaknesses. I will then state and explain which one I find more tenable with examples of relevant literature. Role of the Learner Behaviorism, credited to B. F. Skinner in the 1950s, states that the learner knows nothing to start with, he is an empty slate [o1] to be taught. The learner is passive and learns by positive-negative reinforcement, only repeating what he hears. Innatism, credited to Noam Chomsky in 1965, states that the learner is wired from birth for language. The learner is equipped with a LAD, a language acquisition device. This device allows the learner to discover the rules of his language, any language. Role of the Environment Behaviorism states that the role of the environment is key and vital to the learning process. The environment is the active agent while the learner is the passive agent. The environment produces the necessary language input for the learner. It is up to the environment to give positive and negative reinforcement for the learner. Innatism states that the role of the environment is minimal because it only acts as the trigger for learning. It is also thought the environment is flawed and can’t be relied upon to always give perfect information. Therefore, it is up to the learner to find the rules of the language[o2] . Strengths There are a few strengths to support the behaviorism theory. It is easy to monitor the learners’ performance. This is how parents (as teachers) usually teach their children, through nurturing which puts emphasis on the role of the environment. This theory can also explain why learners have the ability to memorize. On the other hand, there are several strengths of the innatism theory. A learner cannot memorize all the possible different language and grammar combinations that he learns through the environment. The LAD helps the learner to generalize rules and make his own creative use of the language. A child will resist using an irregular form because of over-generalizing, and he will create his own form of a word according to the rules that he has internalized. And these rules don’t necessarily conform to adult grammar rules which include many exceptions. By applying these internalized and generalized rules, a child is able to acquire a language at a fast pace. [o3] Weaknesses The Behaviorism theory only accounts for the performance of the learner, and not on his competence. The learner is passive, so this theory does not focus on the learner’s mind and knowledge. It also does not explain why children acquire a language so quickly even if they are exposed to different environments. In addition, this theory also doesn’t offer an explanation of why children over-generalize rules such as the simple past tense of irregular verbs even though they hear irregular forms in the environment. There are also several weaknesses to the Innatism theory. One of the first weaknesses is that it demands the existence of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD), its existence is difficult to prove and is immeasurable. This theory also doesn’t take into account different kinds of learners, just ideal learners with ideal grammar. The environment plays a minor role in this theory, so it doesn’t take into account the social aspect of the learner. My Opinion Looking at the two of these theories, I find the Innatism theory the most tenable. In my own experience with my children and students, the learners do not always model my behavior. This usually occurs with irregular patterns, particularly past tense verbs. This is similar to the â€Å"wug† test where a child will form a past tense of a verb that he has never heard before by applying the general grammar rules that he has learned. This behavior cannot be memorized and must be driven by an internal structure. Another reason to support this theory is that learners with impaired intelligence have been able to learn the structure of language. It has also been proven that American Sign Language which is taught to the deaf also has its own language structure. In addition, the creation of Creole languages supports the theory. As a Creole develops, grammar and structure are built in. The LAD would account for the formation of these languages as well as for creative uses of language by a learner. Conclusion In this essay I have explained two theories of language acquisition, behaviorism and innatism. In doing so, I have explained the different roles of the learner as well as the environment. I have also explored strengths and weaknesses of each theory and why I support the innatism theory over the behaviorism theory[o4] . [o1]Good one, I forgot this in my essay [o2]Do you think you should mention poverty of stimulus here? [o3]ording? [o4]Well done Michelle. Do you think you should include UG and CPH in your essay? I think UG is an important part of Innatism, what do you think? __________________________________________________________________ David One theory of first language acquisition is Universal Grammar, set forth by Chomsky in 1959 as a response to Skinner’s (1957) Verbal Behavior. Whereas the latter theory, proposed that the learning of language is through the acquisition of habits, which are positively or negatively reinforced, Chomsky posited that humans come into the world with an innate language faculty in their mind, or a universal grammar. Universal grammar is built off of two propositions, that all languages are governed by a set of universal principles, and that the mind is equipped with parameters which are set intuitively by the child according to the language input they receive. UG researchers have found a number of universal principles. One of the more prominent principles is structure dependency. Structure dependency states that all sentences regardless of the language are built off of propositions that carry both a noun and a verb phrase; in other words, every sentence in every language must have at least a subject and a verb (Chomsky, 1959). One parameter setting that is contained in the LAD is the head setting. Some languages such as English are head first, other languages such as Japanese are head last. Various arguments have been used to support the existence of universal grammar. Chomsky (1959) has proposed the poverty of the stimulus argument, positing that the input children receive cannot account for what they produce, and therefore, children must have an innate facility. He argues that the input is marred in two ways; first it contains a hodgepodge of performance slips, and secondly, it does not contain any negative evidence. How do children acquire language when they don’t know what they can’t say, or how do they learn to speak correctly when the input they here is at times in correct? They do so, according to Chomsky, through this innate capacity. Jackendoff (1994) offers another argument in support of universal grammar, the argument from expressive variety. Jackendoff argues that given that languages are recursive, there is simply no way of storing all of the possible sentences one can create in one’s mind. In other words, sentences don’t come from habits, but rather from creative expression. Universal grammar has had a lot of capital in language acquisition theory, although it has been critiqued on some fronts. Connectionists, particularly, N. Ellis (2006) has argued that language acquisition is not due to an innate faculty and the creative expression of humans, but equates it to a usage-based approach where children learning piecemeal frequently reoccurring chunks of language. Another argument against the innate language faculty is that UG researchers have claimed that only humans have access to syntax, yet this has been found not to be true. Certain animals, such as the humpback whale and songbirds have been found to possess a recursive syntax, suggesting that syntax and language may have evolved from lower order primates. Whereas universal grammar begins with language from the inside, Sociocultural theory, another prominent first language acquisition, posits language acquisition begins from the outside. Vygotsky, the founder of sociocultural theory, argues that language is a psychological tool, which children acquire and learn to manipulate as they interact with their environment and with more capable peers (Vygotsky, 1978). Children first learn language as they interact with their parents. Parents use caretaker speech, which makes it easier for the child to understand and grasp a hold on the concepts of the language. As the child begins to understand and produce simple utterances, they are able to use the language to mediate their psychological functioning (Vygotsky, 1978). Vygotsky argues that children begin learning language by first learning single words, which are pure meaning. As they develop their language skills, and engage in social speech, single word sentences are augmented through incorporation of non-meaningful elements, such as function  words, and the child’s thoughts and words begin to develop more sense meanings. For instance, where the word ‘cat’ for the 1 or two year old child could have served as an exemplar for all cats, by the time the child is nine, and having undergone a variety of experiences related to cat, they have imbibed the word with their own unique senses. Thus syntax and word senses expand, the more a child learns. Now, whereas social speech began from one and developed into many, inner speech, the speech that goes on inside of our heads becomes more and more truncated. Vygotsky argues, contrary to Piaget, that egocentric speech does not ‘disappear’ rather it becomes internalized as inner speech. And this inner speech is something that could not be understood by anybody but the person who is thinking it. Vygotsky suggests that just as people who have known each other for many years, and who have had a large amount of experiences together exhibit language tendencies of shortened syntax because of their historical shared experience, a person’s inner speech also exhibits this characteristic, but even more so; the stuff of thought is nothing but psychological predicates (Vygotsky, 1978). One of the primary ways humans learn anything, according to Vygotsky, is through the zone of proximal development. This concept explains that what a person can do today with assistance, they can do tomorrow by themselves (Vygotsky, 1978). Applied to first language acquisition, the child may receive help from an expert, such as their parents, who point at objects and say their name, for example, cat. After seeing this, the child may repeat ‘cat’ immediately after. The next day, as the child sees the cat, it says the word ‘cat’ without needing to be told by their parents. The closer an expert is able to gauge one’s ZPD, the more optimal the learning environment becomes. __________________________________________________________ Laleh Innatism Chomsky (1959) opposed Skinner’s (1957) behaviorist viewpoint in language acquisition, who claimed that language acquisition takes place through habit formation and stimulus-response. Skinner, believed that as a child acquires language, he internalizes a finite set of responses to stimuli. Chomsky on the other hand, believes that language acquisition is rule governed and that children construct their own rules, which may not comply with adult rules. Chomsky maintains that languages consist of an infinite number of sentences and cannot be learned through habit formation. Language is too complex to be learned in such a short amount of time (Chomsky, 1959). He believes that every human is born with an innate language learning capacity, which is embedded in the language acquisition device (LAD). Chomsky believes that all language share grammatical structures. This is called universal grammar (UG). Proof of UG includes poverty of stimulus, which explains how children acquire the language despite their limited exposure and incorrect input they may receive. Another evidence for UG that languages are recursive, (Jackendoff, 1994). It is impossible to know all the possible combinations; however, they are learned by children. According to UG, there must be some sort of innate capacity that provides the additional information. The fact that children are resistant to correction once again proves that language is developed through an innate capacity. According to Chomsky (1959), all languages share principles, which are invariable across languages. For example, noun phrases and verb phrases. This is called structure dependency. All languages have verbs and nouns. What distinguishes languages from each other according to Chomsky, are parameters, which are language specific. For example, some languages are head first, and some are head last. In relation to UG, Eric Lenneberg (1967) introduced the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH), which is a window of language learning opportunity before puberty. Proponents of CPH believe after this period, language learning becomes a much more difficult task and adults tend to rely on other mechanisms such as problem solving skills, reasoning, and deductive instruction to learn a language. Evidence of the CP is for example abused children, who despite being removed from the environment where they were deprived of social contact, were not able to learn the language. There have been many criticisms to Chomsky’s UG, for example, the LAD cannot be located and is immeasurable. Also, Chomsky’s theories overlook the effects of social contact and the environment on language learning. Social interactionist Vygotsky (1978) was a strong proponent of the social interaction hypothesis. He believed that learning takes place through social interaction, and give and take of information with caregivers, parents, or peers. According to  Vygotsky, children begin with external speech, which could consist of one word only, but have the meaning of a whole sentence. Gradually, as the child grows older, he develops more complex and longer sentences and associates more meaning with his words. A child also engages in private speech (similar to adults), which is usually meant for problem solving or thinking out loud, but is not meant for sharing although articulated. Vygotsky believes that as the child develops more linguistic skills, this private speech becomes internalized and turns into inner speech, which is pure meaning, and does not consist of subjects; it is predicated. On the contrary, Piaget (1955) believed that inner speech simply disappears. Vygotsky also proposes the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), which is the distance between what a child can do without help, and what he can do when scaffolding or support is provided. When a child receives the right scaffolding, he will eventually be able to perform the task on his own. __________________________________________ Karen Innatism Noam Chomsky (1959) introduces Innatism as a rebuttal to B. F. Skinner (1957) and his Behaviorist Theory. In direct opposition to the environment being the active participant in language learning, Chomsky flips behaviorism on its head and presents the learner as having a primary role while environment becomes secondary. Within the Universal Grammar Theory (UG), Noam Chomsky (1959) presents a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) that is responsible for the language learning process. Purely biological, language is filtered through the innate LAD that is structured with principles that are unchanging and parameters that vary according to the language being learned. Proofs to support this theory are many. Syntax and the head-first/head-last parameter are two such proofs. As a child learns language, they hold to one of only two possibilities in any given language – head-first and head-last – and language is formed through recursion and syntactic movement that follow a pattern within a particular language. This shows that language is rule-governed and that the LAD is programmed with language foundations from which a child can develop. That children are resistant to correction follows this same thought as they develop language through the LAD. Language is not linked to intelligence as we see in brain damaged adults who are completely coherent in language skills and others who are cognitively normal but cannot speak correctly. Stroke victims also show that, depending on the area of the brain that is affected, intelligence and speech are not linked. Broca’s and Wernicke’s Aphasias show that certain areas of the brain affect speech while intelligence remains unaffected. As evidenced by the Gopnik family, genetic impairments have also proven that a glitch in the UG can be passed down from one generation to another, thus proving that the LAD is indeed biological (Jackendoff, 113). Eric Lenneberg’s Critical Period Hypothesis (1967) and the cases of â€Å"wild children† are yet further evidence. Lenneberg holds that the LAD becomes dormant or ineffective after a certain age – around the age of 12 – and this is why children acquire language so much more quickly than adults who are attempting the same. Through these studies of particular children who did not learn language and who were void of contact with language as a whole, it shows that the younger the child, the more fully they were able to learn language. Once a child was passed the age of 12 or so, they were unable to acquire proper language skills. The younger children were not only able to learn more adequately but then went on to continue in the language learning process as a normal adult would. As many proofs as there are for Chomsky’s UG and the LAD, criticisms are plentiful as well. First and foremost, where is the evidence that a device like LAD exists? It certainly has not been located in the brain, therefore, it remains immeasurable and some have serious doubt as to its legitimacy. This theory also limits the role of the environment and gives no account for the social context of the language learning process. It idealizes the speaker and the grammar itself to a certain degree and packages the entire process a bit too neatly. Cognitive Development Theory Jean Piaget’s (1955) work in cognitive development is foundational on many levels. Watching his own children, nature, and certain study groups of young children, Piaget introduces a theory that is completely developmental. As a child is ready and developed (both biologically and cognitively), they are able to assimilate, accommodate and adapt new experiences. Underlying in this theory is reasoning and logic. The role of the environment is minimal and the learner is vital but only as they are cognitively developed and ready for new experiences. A child will not learn what they are not cognitively developed to receive at that point no matter what the instruction. Piaget holds to the notion of children developing schema. As a new experience is received and they are biologically and cognitively ready to receive it, they will develop new schema to fit into the framework of schema that they already have developed. This theory also relies heavily on egocentric and socialized speech with each one serving a different function. Egocentric speech is what is used (mainly by children) when words and thoughts are spoken out loud but the one speaking is only dealing with their own thoughts and ideas. Socialized speech is a shift away from egocentric speech where one simply derives pleasure from speaking to being a way of exchanging their ideas or opinions. Although Piaget’s work and theory is critical, it neither accounts for the child’s behavior as a whole nor for the cognitive development after the stage of ‘formal operation’ is reached. It offers vast insight into the developmental process of a child but little instruction on attaining language skills. It was also based solely on a Western model and is therefore quite limiting. SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Input & Output Hypotheses As a result of older models of language teaching where attention was given to language grammar, Krashen (1981) places his focus on communication input. He contends that if the learner is given a chance to absorb the language, they will be better equipped to acquire it. Rather than forcing output immediately, Krashen holds to a silent period where learners have the privilege of just listening to language before attempting it†¦much like a young child would in learning their mother tongue. Comprehensible input (i + 1) is the formula that Krashen holds to for optimal language learning for second language learners (SLLs). This states that if a SLL is offered input that is only slightly beyond what they already know, acquisition will take place. He also makes a differentiation between language learning and language acquisition, claiming that acquisition is what is needed for the language learning process. Criticisms of Krashen’s hypothesis are that input alone cannot account for acquisition and that some grammatical forms cannot be learned without being taught. Swain (1985) introduces her Output Hypothesis in contrast to Krashen and claims that no matter the input, if the output is unintelligible, acquisition has not truly occurred. It is the output that forces learners to grapple with the grammatical processing and figure out what works. Through output, a learner can realize their problem areas, can experiment with new areas they are unsure of, and gives them the chance to analyze problems they are having in their language learning process. CONCLUSION As we can see in first and second language acquisition, there is not simply one way to which theorists hold in the process of learning or acquiring language. In looking at how one acquires their mother tongue, however, insights can be made into second language acquisition as well. In fact, it is through first language acquisition theories that other theories can spring from to delve into how second language acquisition occurs. These insights become helpful in the classroom and give the teacher foundational aspects that they can build off of. Pass| 7. 5. -8. 5 (David)

The Nile Paper

River of Africa Surrounding landforms and availability of resources affect civilizations. The survival of countries in Africa relies on the Nile River. Physical landforms, climatic agriculture as well as ancient cultures and advances contribute to the effective utilization of the Nile. Various subdivisions and landforms along the coast of the river present tremendous opportunities for the Africans. Over time, the control of water intake and the substantial contribution of different climates create a vast diversity among the vegetation because of the proliferous soil by the Nile’s annual flood.The formation of ancient cultures, agriculture, and technologies significantly contributed to the developing countries adjacent the banks of the Nile. The tributaries, landforms and various transportation opportunities assist the Africans. The tributaries connect several locations in Africa to provide the countries with water, exploration, and fertile land. The portion of the river in Nor th Africa consists of three main sources: the White Nile, the Blue Nile, and the Atbara Rivers. The White Nile contains the largest mass of water so that during the dry season the river remains sustainable (Middleton vol. ). Western explorers investigated Africa because of the Blue Nile. The Blue Nile â€Å"is the link between the Mediterranean and the Deep Interior;† therefore, â€Å"the search for its source drew many Western explorers into Africa† (Murray 170). Among many of the smaller tributaries, the Atbara provides water in Ethiopia during the dry season. The Atbara â€Å"runs through the Ethiopian highlands during the wet seasons, but is dry from January to June† (Barrow). Therefore, it provides the amount of water suitable for the environment during that half of the year.The waters and soils of the Nile, the largest river in the world, supplies life to the barren desert and the river’s neighboring area. The two lands surrounding the Nile affect t he flooding and climate zones. The black land â€Å"was the fertile land on the banks of the Nile† (Barrow). Black layer contains silt which contains layers of sediments left behind from the annual flood; moreover, the sediments made the land useable for agriculture. The red land â€Å"was a region of inhospitable desert† (Barrow). This region of desert protected the Egyptians from attack bordering the country.The headwaters of the flood water originate from the Ethiopian Highlands. Every summer, â€Å"rain in the Ethiopian highlands sent a barrage of water that overflowed the banks of the Nile† (Barrow). Without the precipitation in the Ethiopian Highlands, the river would cease to provide any nutritional soil; as a result, the prominent agricultural land would indefinitely vanish from existence, leaving a barren, tundra like land. The waters contain numerous beneficial obstacles environing the area. The small ridges of the central plateaus mean that â€Å"the lower courses of rivers are characterized by waterfalls and cataracts† (Murray 12).The cataracts and waterfalls redirect the course of the river, affecting the vegetation and farming around it. Settlement in Sudan depends on the river. The White Nile River flows â€Å"north across the Sudanese border into the Sudd, the world’s largest permanent swamp† (Middleton 3: 66). Even though half of the river’s water evaporates in the swamps, half of Sudan’s population lives among the banks of the subsidiary. The river’s surrounding features, as well as the tributaries and waterfalls, significantly contribute to the welfare of the country’s needs.Flooding and climate influence the vegetation in the area, which remains vital for existence. Irrigation manipulates the growth and development of agriculture; moreover, irrigation systems contribute to improve the effective utilization of the river. Because of the dry climate and vast desert surroundi ng the river, the irrigation remains for life. The continents â€Å"unreliable rainfall and frequent drought make irrigation an essential tool for agriculture† (Middleton 2: 159). Irrigation supplies the water for the crops during the dry season, which remains essential for food. Flood cropping exemplifies ancient forms of irrigation and technology.The Egyptians would plant crops, and would then flourish when the river floods in the fall, followed by harvesting the crops in the winter; moreover, the people named the system basin irrigation for the pattern of events. (Middleton 2: 159). Flood cropping did not create an abundance of crops due to the unusual pattern of the great flood. In the early stages of developing irrigation, Egyptians formed a system called basin irrigation. When the Nile floods, the water fills the basin; as a result, when the river fell the farmers allowed â€Å"the water to drain away and then plant crops in the wet soil left behind† (Middleton 2 : 159).Basin irrigation created a mass majority of the planted crops which created a bountiful amount of food for the people; however, the farmers could only plant crops once a year. The vegetation grown around the Nile River Basin depends merely on the flooding season and by the proliferous soil. The annual flood of the Nile contributes to the mass vegetation and of the cycle of growth. The close correlation between the distribution of soil and vegetation remains a significant factor for plant cover in soil formation. The flood produces soil needed for growth of various types of vegetation.When the annual flood recedes, the river leaves a â€Å"thick layer of silt which was excellent soil to plant seeds in the soil after it had been ploughed† (Barrow). The silt provides the necessity to properly grow plants. The cycle of the growing crops consist of Akhet, Peret, and Shamuc. During the months of June through September, also known as the Akhet, the annually flood occurs; also , during these months, farming has ceased (Barrow). From the months of October through February, or the period called the Peret, the floodwaters recede, leaving a thick layer of silt; moreover, during this time the farmers plough the soil (Barrow).During the time of Shamuc, months from March through May, the farmers harvest the crops and workers repair the canals (Barrow). The three periods of time work in perfect tandem to grow crops. The vegetation grown in the Nile Basin depends on the soil for nutrients. One of the most prominent crops grown for centuries yet to come remains wheat and other types of grain along the Nile River. The grain along the Nile supplies people to make â€Å"bread, porridge, and beer. After the grain was grown, they grew assorted fruits† (Barrow).The vegetation grown in the Nile supplies the people with nourishment and trade opportunity. The climate along the Nile affects the type of vegetation grown along the banks as well as the human livelihood. The Nile consists of four climates: the tropical wet, the tropical dry, steppe, and desert. The tropical wet and tropical dry lie in the South of Africa, and they receive much rainfall, with some dry seasons (Boehm). The desert and steppe climate lie near the Mediterranean Sea, along the start of the Nile.They receive less than ten to fourteen inches of rain a year; moreover, they have little vegetation, leaving the various locations barren with extreme temperatures (Boehm). The strip of land along the Nile makes it hospitable because of the giant mass of water. Farmers use animals mostly for work, labor, and production of food. They would use these animals for â€Å"trampling in the seeds, pulling the plough, eating unwanted grain and providing them with food† (Barrow). The animals play an important role for the livelihood of the people by providing food, labor, and help with farming.The vegetation growth depends on the annual flood, climate, and animals of the area. The bas e of civilizations, technological advances, and cultures primarily exist in Africa because of the Nile, which makes it essential for the countries environing the area prosperous. Transportation began early for the Egyptians because of trade and fishing, but eventually they developed technologies for transferring goods to other countries. The ancient Egyptians developed boats from papyrus to obtain fish and materials for other necessities (Boehm). As the technologies advanced, other ideas arose to get to certain points in the river.The people would use â€Å"steamers to transport only to a certain point in the river† (Barrow). The steamers would eventually head to the Mediterranean through various tributaries until the goods traveled all around the world. This process would only be possible through the Nile River, which provided transportation to associate themselves with other countries. The start of a great civilization, Egypt, would progress only with the significant contri bution of the Nile River. Many Egyptians inhabited close to the Nile because it provided transportation, water, and amazing soil for growing crops.Through farming, the Egyptians created new mechanisms to make farming easier for the farmers. (Murray). A main source of food for the Egyptians remains fish. The most wanted fish from Africa today, the Nile Perch, has been shipped all around the world (Middleton Vol. 4). Today, almost all of the Egypt’s residents live along the Nile Delta or the along the course of the river. The river supplied the African countries with technology and culture, as well as the prominent ancient civilization of Egypt. Culture and energy existed because of the Nile River’s presence.Religion has been spread from country to country by the existence of the Nile tributaries. The capital of Sudan, Khartoum, lies between the White and Blue Nile. The spread of the Muslim religion has a major influence on the country, and â€Å"it is the primary relig ion of the Nile† (Murray 173). The religion was established when Muhammad had begun preaching around the Nile Valley, spreading it to various parts of the continent. Along the banks of the Nile, the Egyptians harvested a plant named sorghum. Because of the sorghum, the Egyptians developed â€Å"crafts such as boating, matting, basketry, and pottery† (Murray 46).The Nile provided vegetation and materials to further develop technologies in agriculture and aquaculture. Africans developed new technologies to harvest power from the water, and the future of energy, hydroelectric power. Today, â€Å"electricity is provided by generators powered by the Aswan Dam† (Boehm 426). The Nile’s Aswan Dam, developed to control the annual flood and preserve water, provides electricity for the people surrounded by the Nile. The Nile provided the ancient Egyptians with necessities, and the river continues to contribute to Egypt and Sudan today.Without the existence of the Nil e, Egypt would remain barren and underdeveloped. The base of Egyptian civilization and technologies developed the countries encircling the coast. Moreover, the Nile provides the people with food, electricity and transportation, which remain a significant aspect of everyday life. Although new developments have altered the need for the Nile, people still rely on the Nile. ? Works Cited Barrow, Mandy. Ancient Egyptian Farming. Chiddingstone Church of England School, Jan. 2013. Web. 21 Jan. 2013. Barrow, Mandy. The River Nile. Chiddingstone Church of England School, Jan. 013. Web. 21 Jan. 2013. Boehm, Richard G. World Geography and Cultures. Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2012. Print. Middleton, John. Ed. Africa; an Encyclopedia for Student. Volume 2. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2002. Print. Middleton, John. Ed. Africa; an Encyclopedia for Student. Volume 3. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2002. Print. Murray, Jocelyn. Ed. The Cultural Atlas of Africa. New York: Checkmark Books, 1998. Print. Nile, Battle of the: Nile River. Photograph. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. http://www. school. eb. com. com/eb/art-228/ ?

International Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

International Human Resource Management - Essay Example Competent and highly skilled workers are necessary. Above all, the corporation must be sensitive to the culture of peoples where it is operating as well as the culture of people they are serving. This is an essay that will explicate international human resource management (IHRM) from the theoretical vantage of culture to determine strategic performance management and its competitive advantage amid contextual changes. The researcher will also explicate culture within the context of diversity in relation to IHRM amid challenges in international business operations, citing Marrriot International Inc., as an example. But before going further, it’s necessary to first define some relevant terminologies that is thematically used in this study. International refers to a scope of affairs that is involving two or more countries. Human resource management, on the other hand, refers to a system relating to hiring or employing, training, designating, performance managing and appraising emp loyees’ performance (Jackson, Lafasto, Schultz, and Kelly, 1992). Culture also refers to beliefs, values and customs that are integral and are influential in their decision-makings, style of leadership and on how relations are managed (Pettigrew, 1979). Internal and external conditions are maybe influential to person’s emotional and psychological make up but its culture that molded persons’ perceptions, behaviors, organizational management, working relations and evening systems of operations (Pettigrew, 1979). Like external and internal environments, culture is undergoing continual change. HR policies and procedures therefore must be adjusted to cope with this change. Human Resource Management and Diversity Armstrong (2006) explained that human resource relate to management’s system where workers perform tasks to contribute to the achievement of corporation’s goals by employing persons, enhancing their skills, maximizing their capacities in exchang e for just compensation for services rendered. Managers value performance and evaluate worker’s performance based on corporate standards as part of career development and employ coaching or feedback mechanism for the improvement of performance (Schneier and Beatty, 1979). HRM is essential in corporation's growth and in retaining competitive advantage thus, the need to capitalize superior human resource management. Consequentially, the increasing demand require High Performance Work Practices by ensuring that workers are hired through criteria of procedures; with compensation and incentives based on performance standards. It also encourage or mandate labor forces participation in production and decision-making as well as provide them skills to enhance their knowledge, abilities to improve their motivation (Delaney and Huselid, 1996). Thus, companies must have standard to manage worker’s performance to contribute quality results for the organization (Lingle and Schiemann , 1996: 56-61; de Waal and Coevert, 2007: 317-416) that measures efficiency and effectiveness of workers. It also involved managing organization, administering of personnel, management to manpower. The system fundamentally consider that HR works to meet needs and goals but also

Foreign Direct Investment in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Foreign Direct Investment in Australia - Essay Example Demand for goods and services in the Pilbara's state, Western Australia, grew by 11% in 2007. Studies have touted the benefits of foreign direct investment. (China Elections and Governance, May 8, 2008). Chinese investment in Australia's iron-ore business is increasing. Gindalbie, an Australian iron-ore miner, and Ansteel, a Chinese steelmaker, agreed to invest A$1.8 billion in a joint venture to develop a mine in Western Australia in 2007. This new investment translates to5,000 new jobs. (China Elections and Governance, May 8, 2008) Foreign direct investment (FDI) should be free from the strict controls which are implemented by host governments. (Main Idea Statement). Foreign direct investment has speeded up the economic development of Australia. If the foreign direct investment in the iron ore and coal mining sector continues, Western Australia will need an extra 400,000 workers within 10 years ding to the Australian Chamber of Commerce. Australia has entered its 17th year of uninterrupted growth. The pace of domestic demand that monetary authorities have pushed interest rates to their highest in close to 12 years in order to combat inflation. Inflation has been identified as the country's chief economic ill. Skills shortage and infrastructure bottlenecks at congested ports continue to hound the growing economy. Due to the massive foreign direct investments, Australia's unemployment record is at a 33-year low, net immigration is at a record high and the prices paid for Australia's most important exports such as iron ore, coal and have risen. Moreover, household wealth has more than doubled in 15 years, the national car fleet is younger than befo re and contains more luxury brands, while homes are replete with high-end consumer electronics. The federal and state governments have registered budget surpluses and A$31bn (US$28bn, 14bn, 18bn) in tax cuts will soon be handed to the twenty one million population. The China-led boom in Australia is expected to last for many years as China is heavily dependent on imported raw materials for industrial production.British foreign direct investment in Australia spans several industries. The UK companies dominate EU direct investment in Australia at about 53 per cent. The UK is the second-largest source of direct investment in Australia behind the United States. The level of the UK's direct investment in Australia was about $51 billion. British firms held substantial investments in Australia, setting up operations in the resources and energy sector (for example, Shell and Rio Tinto-Zinc), telecommunications (Vodafone and British Telecommunications) and food and beverages (Cadbury and Uni lever). (DFAT, 2005). Moreover, Germany has 330 subsidiary companies and 470 branch offices in Australia. German investments are in banking and finance (Deutsche Bank), automotives (DaimlerChrysler, BMW, Bosch, Hella and VDO), telecommunications (Siemens) and chemicals (Boehringer, Schering). These investments have increased the economic growth of Australia. (DFAT Report, 2005) Free trade fosters the inflow of foreign direct investment hence, enhancing competition and innovation. (Heritage website). One of the supporting reasons for free trade is greater access to a greater variety of goods and services.The second argument is that trade generates economic growth. The Asean Free Trade Area registered a growth of 8% per annum due to the influx of foreign direct

Nutrition and Global Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nutrition and Global Health - Essay Example â€Å"More than 30% of children† around the globe are â€Å"underweight† or are not attaining their ideal growth rates (128). It is estimated that around 5.5 million children die every year because of malnutrition (128). In addition, millions of women, who bear and take care of children, also suffer from malnutrition and particularly, many poor women are â€Å"underweight† (135). At present, women and children are suffering from different illnesses, such as anemia and infections, with many also dying from these diseases, because of lack of proper nutrition. Lack of access to the right food, vitamins, and minerals at the entire development stages of women and children is a main problem for poor countries. The main nutritional issues for women and children are malnutrition and high morbidity, due to poor nutrition. Women also suffer from maternal morbidity and mortality. For instance, there are 530,000 maternal deaths per year (152). These women often lack the proper nutrition needed for their bodies, as well as their fetuses. As also mentioned, millions of children are underweight and die from malnutrition, especially in Asia and Africa. Some of the nutrition challenges are proving to people that they can improve their nutrition by enhancing their knowledge about what they eat, how they cook their food, and how they should eat them (142). Vitamin and mineral supplementation should also be widely applied, because it can be a cost-efficient way of dealing with malnutrition (142). Food fortification, such as iodizing salt, will also be crucial. Supplementation and food fortification, however, are not always easy to achieve. The governments should be dedicated to small and large measures that can enhance their nations nutritional status. They need help from non-profit organizations to achieve the necessary nutritional levels for their women and children. Without

The Development of G-20 and G-8 Countries Term Paper

The Development of G-20 and G-8 Countries - Term Paper Example They are manufacturing countries and the huge exports provide for the main avenue to an acquisition of wealth, power, and high employment rates unlike developing ones which depend on small-scale exports of farm produce and other little-valued trade related products. However, it is worth noting that relative poverty exists between G-20 and G-8 Countries. This relative poverty phenomenon can best be accounted for if we study different macroeconomic indicators. And these are: By the end of third quarter, the consumer price index CPI for all urban consumers increased to 0.6 %; it rose 0.4% before seasonal adjustment It had also heightened 0.4%. This CPI increased by from 2.0% compared to the earlier level. The employment rate represents the total number of people working whether on the permanent or casual basis. It suggests that over 63% people in the population, men and women have had employment. We got job losers, job seekers who stay out of employment for weeks or months. Some get new jobs and some don’t. The output is huge in the manufacturing of nondurables showing that the USA is an industrial country. The statistics show variations but it gives us a clear picture of the nature of productive activities. This is a good indication of economic dynamics in the USA. Secession is a political crisis which involves a state or a group of states seeking separation and complete sovereignty from the federal or main government. The eleven of the Southern States which were fifteen in number believed that it was within their constitutional right to seek secession in 1806 and 1861. However, they were defeated during the American Civil War. Over 600,000 people perished. The Supreme Court declared secession unconstitutional, though the Southern States had concrete reasons for secession. They hated slavery which was legalized in the South. This happened before Abraham Lincoln took office oath. The recession caused people to lose jobs and weakened the Union in terms of military strength, US Foreign Policy. International trade had a downfall too. It also motivated more states to petition secession moves.

Services Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Services Marketing - Essay Example Even in emerging economics, services output is growing rapidly and often represents at least half of GDP (World Bank, 1996). In developed countries, knowledge based services - defined as those that are intensive uses of high technology and/or have relatively highly skilled workforces are providing the most dynamic components (Peneder, Kaniovsky and Dachs, 2003, 47-66). What is service: A service is an act or performance offered by one party to another. Although the process may be tied to a physical product, the performance is transitory, often intangible in nature, and does not normally result in ownership of any of the factors of production. So it has been very clear that In the case of goods, the benefits come from ownership of physical objects or devices, whereas in services the benefits are created by actions or performances (Bery, 1980). The dynamic environment of services today places a premium on effective marketing. Christian Gronsoos (2001) argues that service-marketing function is much broader than the activities and output of the traditional marketing department, requiring close cooperation between marketers and those managers responsible for operations and human resources (Gronsoos, 2001, 26-27). To run on efficient operation Employees must be customer oriented in addition to being concerned about efficiency. The service product must be tailored to customer needs, priced realistically, distributed through convenient channels, and actively promoted to customers. Difference of service marketing: Marketing management tasks in services sector tend to differ from those in manufacturing sector in several important respects i.e. in services customer do not obtain ownership of services, service product are ephemeral and cannot be inventoried, intangible element dominate value creation, customers may be involved in the production process, other people may form part of the product, there is greater variability in operational inputs and outputs, many services are difficult for customers to evaluate, the time factor assumes great importance and distribution channel takes different forms. Although it's useful to distinguish marketing, it's also important to recognize that there are marketing relevant differences among services themselves. Types of services: Numerous proposals have been made for classifying services (Lovelock, 1983, 9-20). A particularly significant classification is based on the processes by which services are created and delivered. By looking at service processes from a purely operational perspective, we can categorized into four main categories i.e. people processing includes our company i.e. Hotel industry specifically Radisson Hotel & Resorts, the service directed by people's bodies, possession processing, the service directed at physical possessions include Transportation, warehousing etc., Mental stimulus processing i.e. services directed at people's mind includes Advertisement/PR, entertainment, education etc. and information processing, the services directed at intangible assets include Banking, data processing, legal service etc. Nothing can alter the fact that people processing services require the customer to be physically present with in the service premises, in our case in the Hotel. When customers visit a service factory (Hotel), their satisfaction

(See the information which I have uploaded) Essay

(See the information which I have uploaded) - Essay Example A firm must bring about certain efforts which are geared up to make it sound, look and eventually feel different from the rest of the lot and in the long run, have a selling proposition in it and in its products that help it in winning the customers time and time again. It is significant to understand that having the most sought after employees and workers in the market is necessary since they will give the most productivity in the toughest times possible. (Cappelli, 1999) From a truly organizational standpoint, the current needs in the training regimes require the employees to get themselves acquainted with the ever changing role of Information Technology and the like within the business quarters as well as learn for their own betterment the different mechanisms through which they can make use of the business processes and management activities in a steady and quick manner. (Egan, 2001) They need to align themselves with the advanced technological applications and that too in a quick way because the corporate world of present times is on the move. The training needs are required within any organization since the same would ensure that all the employees understand what they are doing and there are as such no hiccups in the office place so to speak. It is a fact that the workers must know what the end goal for the business is like and on what parameters success is measured as far as the top management of the organization is concerned. There must be uni son in their working mechanisms so that they are all on the same wavelength no matter how trying or tough the circumstances turn out to be. (Varey, 2001) Service marketing and management has remained the key for a long time, especially within the contexts where the same offers a creative edge over other service organizations – the competitors in essence. From an office standpoint, there are certain instances when it is best to choose different people for the various jobs that are

Information And Research Methods In Business Paper

Information And Methods In Business - Research Paper Example Immediately prior to the generalization, however, we review the recent literature immediately available on the topic to reexamine our perspective and build our generalizations on a more stable foundation. There are three basic ways of identifying, summarizing and analyzing product quality problems. One basic way is to identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problem from the point of view of the consumer. The second basic way is to identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problems from the viewpoint of distributors. The second will only be applicable for businesses that tap distribution companies for a product. The third basic way is to identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problems from the point of view of our retailers. Like the second, this will not always apply to all types of businesses. Finally, the fourth basic way is to identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problems from the perspective of quality control and of a quality control system. In identifying product quality problems as perceived by our consumers, we can implement two kinds of research. One research can identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problem as perceived by the consumers of our product. The second research can focus on the target consumers of our product and identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problems as perceived by the target consumers of our product. In doing a research on quality problem among our consumers, we may want to follow the statistical protocol with regard to computation of the percentage of our consumer who desires certain changes or improvements in our product. A good material for this is Walpole et al. (2007, p. 299-302). For estimation related to means, Walpole et al. (2007) are also useful but one may wish to supplement the discussion on the material with insights from Dekking.

Problem of Drugs Usage in School Research Paper

Problem of Drugs Usage in School - Research Paper Example For a period of 8-9 months every year, children spend their time at school five days every week, around 6-7 hours daily. School therefore gives children the opportunity to be away from their parents/guardians. It also gives the younger children a time where they can try being like the cooler children more and more. This opportunity to appear cooler, more mature and older in older teens’ eyes makes many pre-teens and teens trying and abusing alcohol and drugs. The children also believe that this is a time when their parents/guardians are not watching over their shoulder what these children are up to. Some time ago being at school was concentrate on education but that focus is many a times being directed to the social atmosphere that a child can acquire while at school. Most children, especially teenagers, do not believe when told that they possess all the qualities that the adults they live with see in them. Most do not accept as true the fact that they possess the skills to be anything in life. They may therefore resort to drugs and alcohol abuse in order to do away with many of the expectations and pressures they believe are there – most teens report having the knowledge of how to use drugs during school hours while others report having the knowledge of where they could obtain them. Rather than using bathroom breaks, hall passes, and lunch time for their name sake, some school children spend this time popping a few pills, taking a few drags or having a few drinks. Considering the fact that high school and college life is among the most stressful of all periods in the life of a person, school children maintain that taking away their capability of blowing off steam is even more harmful compared to the drinking-caused activities. School children get pissed off when someone denies them the right to have fun. It is similar to taking some people's purpose in life away. Thinking that this is the only thing that people do is very sad. However, that is what is important to them and they are ready tight for it (Teendrugabuse.us, 3). Reports from the Partnership for a Drug Free America indicate that according to a national study, 73 percent of teens testify that the major reason as to why they use drugs is to deal with school pressure. This is a vast discrepancy with the only 7 percent of parents holding the view that their children may make use of drugs to cope with stress (Selectown.com, 2). Nyhan notes that although signs announcing drug-free zones ma y ring middle schools and high schools a national report revealed that more school children are coming across booze, blunts, pills and other illegal drugs in their playfields, lockers, classrooms and bathrooms. According to a report by the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse of Columbia University, the percentage of children who attend middle schools where drugs are used, sold or stored jumped 63% from the year 2002, and rose 39% at high schools. Put differently, 80% percent of high school children said that they witnessed students who were using, possessing, dealing, drunk, or under illegal drugs’ influence. In actual fact people in the modern society do not care about school laws or rules and drug use among students is pretty much common (1-4). The school environment has become a haven for drug dealers to deal and sell drugs to children,

Fashion Industry Essay Example for Free

Fashion Industry Essay This summer it is boho chic. Last summer, it was preppy sailor simplicity. In the late 90s it was the grunge look. Yellow is the new black. Jeans are the new business casual. And on. And on. Yes, I am writing of fashion trends. The latest look, style, and color floods the covers of magazines, the shelves of retailers from Saks to H M, the bodies of celebrities and television characters and, undoubtedly, is able to get enough of us to buy into it (literally and figuratively) to validate the whole cycle. So, while most of us are easily able to grasp this continuously perpetuating cycle of saturating the public with the latest, greatest duds, questions remain: how does a trend start? Who makes this decision? Why does it work? Well, to be perfectly honest, there is no definitive answer to the myth that is a fashion trend. But, while the exact formula is beyond the consumer, we can be sure that it takes the work of several different interdependent fashion industry professions to convince us that espadrilles, suspenders, and terry-cloth suits are worthy of our dollars and donning. Fashion designers gather their inspiration, whether it comes from popular culture, music, politics, a celebrity muse, or something else entirely. Then, they design usually a spring and fall collection. With a slew of inspired, perfectly crafted designs ready to hit the runway, they show their collections. It could possibly be said that the trend begins at the fashion show. Fashion writers, buyers, photographers and celebrities line the runways, waiting to take in, criticize and praise the designers work. Writers go back to their offices and verbally comment on the design they have seen. If a collection is deemed great, the editor may be persuaded to feature the clothing on the cover of the months issue. This is also influenced by fashion publicists professionals who are paid to get the designers duds in front of larger audiences. Thus, we read about the latest fashion trend. Photographers snap photos as the models parade down the runway and sell them to parties interested in the designers work. The photos show up in newspapers, industry magazines, fashion magazines and various other media outlets. Thus, we see the latest fashion trend. Buyers, if impressed, order pieces that their clientele will be willing to pay hundreds or thousands to own. Other designers, those focused on mass production of more affordable versions of the latest trend, gather their inspiration here too. Thus, we can purchase the latest fashion trend. So, as you can see, it is impossible to pinpoint exactly how a fashion becomes a trend. What you can know, with certainty, is that it took many professionals in the fashion industry to get you to the cash register with your bohemian-inspired peasant blouse.

Past Madrassah Reform: a History

Past Madrassah Reform: a History The 1962 Reforms Since its inception, Pakistan has tried three times to undertake major renovations in the madrassah school system. The first reforms occurred in 1962 under General Ayub Khan. In 1961, a committee was formed to analyze the current curriculum and make recommendations concerning how best to reform the system so that graduates would be more employable. The resulting report was released in 1962. Notable alterations included: introducing courses like mathematics into the curriculum, instructing in Urdu at the primary levels and Arabic and/or English at the higher levels of study, and testing graduates in five exams including Euclidean mathematics.27 The second part of the reform strategy was to control the level of funding madrassahs received. Khan sought to strengthen the role of state institutions at the expense of traditional community leaders like the ulama, who he thought opposed his regime and thus limited his power. One way he limited religious scholars influence was to restrict who could fund madrassahs.28 The funding portion of reform was moderately successful, but the recommended changes to the curriculum exposed a core conflict that would derail the 1962 reforms and all the reforms that followed. To alter the madrassah curriculum meant, in a way, reforming the nations practice of Islam, which is sacred to the vast majority of Pakistanis. Since madrassahs produce the next generation of religious scholars, government changes to the schools that contradicted what the ulamas viewed as instrumental in training their successors had social implications far beyond making  modifications to a curriculum. Many disagreed with the governments interpretation of  Islam, and, as a result, rejected the proposals of the 1962 report.29 The 1979 Reforms The second round of attempted reforms occurred in 1979 under the regime of General Zia-ul Huq, and were far more extensive than the 1962 reforms. As previously noted, Zia was responsible for the Islamization of Pakistan. Under his regime, the nation became far more sectarian and Islam infiltrated more aspects of life than it had under past rulers. Unsurprisingly, Zia was very interested in the countrys madrassahs. The reason for the 1979 reform was almost identical to the one in 1962: the madrassahs were failing to provide adequately employment opportunities outside of the  religious sect, and thus it was decided the system should undergo modernization. The recommendations were very similar, as well-again reinforcing the necessity of introducing more modern subjects into the curriculum, including: . . . Urdu, arithmetic, and general science at the primary level; English, general mathematics, and Pakistan studies at the secondary levels; political science, political economy, and English as optional subjects at the baccalaureate and masters level; and comparative religious sciences as a mandatory subject at the masters level. The committee proposed an autonomous National Institute of Madrassahs to compile and revise madrassah curricula, supervise these institutions, administer standardized tests, and award diplomas to the students. The proposed national institute, the committee recommended, was to have an equal number of members from all four subsects within the madrasah education system, and representatives from the government.30 The Report of 1979 sought to create a curriculum that all the different sects of Islam would accept. That being said, the boards ultimately saw the compromise of their beliefs as a loss, because their students would no longer be ideal representatives of their branch after being taught a hybrid faith. 31 Though the results of the 1962 and 1979 reports were similar, there was a significant difference in the composition of the 1979 committee that authored the later report. This committee included numerous ulamas, who worked alongside government officials in constructing the proposed reform. The 1962 committee, however, did not include ulamas nor did it consult with them about which reforms they would support. As a result, the ulamas were originally more open to the 1979 report, as they felt they had significant input in the process. However, while they were invited to participate in the committee, they were not a majority voice on the committee and the committee was led by a government official, so some ulamas still resented the governments authority in dictating the final report.32 It didnt take long after the release of the report for many ulamas to issue reservations about the proposed reforms; others boycotted it completely. The 1979 reforms occurred at the same time as the Iranian Revolution and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The fact that Irans mullahs were successful in overthrowing the Iranian shah, and thus inserting religious figures in powerful political roles in a nearby country, convinced many Pakistani madrassahs that their schools did not need to modernize to be influential in the region.33 Many completely disregarded implementing the reforms, convinced, more than ever, that religious education was more important to Pakistan than the curriculum endorsed in the 1979 reforms. Such  tumultuous regional events had a profound impact on Pakistan, and complicated the madrassah reform process greatly. In fact, these events led to the expansion of a more extreme curriculum in madrassah, making the schools more threatening to development just as the state sought to reform them. During this time Pakistan became the battleground for an international Sunni versus Shia war. Iran was helping the countrys Shias generate support, while countries like Saudi A rabia were funding Sunni militant groups, often through madrassahs. In competition for the funding being offered by Saudi Arabia, some schools attempted to increase their focus on Wahhabism to ensure they would receive more funding than other madrassahs.34 Slowly, schools evolved from being primarily intellectual and religious institutions to political ones, as more students became involved in the religious revolutions occurring outside their borders. The Iranian Revolution served as a huge inspiration to Pakistans minority Shia population, who, seeing the successful Shia revolution in Iran, grew emboldened in their aspiration for political power. The number of Shias in the country began to increase, as many moderates in the country shifted their allegiance to Shia due to its opposition to Zias aggressive Islamization campaign.35 Zia, a Sunni, saw the rise in Shia activism as a threat to his regime, especially following the 5 July 1980 demonstration in Islamabad where 25,000 Shias v iolently protested the zakat36 law put in place as part of Zias lamization campaign.37 The zakat funds allowed the government to increase funding to schools like madrassahs since they often cater to the underprivileged. In 1984 alone over nine percent of the zakat fund was distributed to 2,273 madrassahs.38 Zias hope was that through these donations the madrassahs would become dependent on the state for their finances and, upon graduation, employment. While some madrassahs eagerly accepted the contributions to their struggling schools, other resented the government oversight and the obligations to the Zia regime that accompanied the zakat funds. They no longer wanted to be dependent on the government for what they viewed as bribes to expand government oversight of religious schools. The reliance on zakat funds, others believed,  had caused voluntary contributions to madrassahs to sharply decline, resulting in an overall loss of income for schools.39 The Shias decided to actively reject the zakat funds, which they believed were contradictory to their faith. Despite wa nting to limit the Shias influence, Zia had to relent to the 1980 protests of the Shia, as they effectively shut down Pakistans capital city. The victory of being exempt from paying zakat to the government inspired many independents in the country to declare themselves Shias. In retribution, Zia funneled more zakat funds into the nations Sunni-controlled madrassahs. The madrassahs became a venue in which Zia could resist the Shia influence, and thus these madrassahs became increasingly anti-Shia. Since Zia actively encouraged this behavior in order to resist the rise in Shias, it is no wonder that the school system became a place in which students grew intolerant of Shias, which led to a more sectarian and aggressive society. For the short-term goal of limiting Shia influence, Zia created a school system that, even   today, remains entrenched in perpetuating an exclusionary worldview, rather than an  accepting and tolerant environment for students. As previously reported, Z ia, in an attempt to recruit the support of the nations ulamas, decided some madrassah degrees would be considered equal to degrees from government schools. This movement correlated to the 1979 reforms, for though Zia wanted to increase employability for madrassah graduates, he wanted to make sure that as professionals the graduates had skills useful in the workplace. Under the assumption they could study Islam and still graduate qualified to work in the government, the number of madrassah graduates skyrocketed. Between 1960 and 1980, over 5,000 ulamas had been trained; following the equivalency certificates in 1981-1985, over 6,000 ulamas graduated-thats 1,000 more graduates in a quarter of the time.40 Though this initiative was intended to provide madrassah graduates with more authority, many new ulama graduates became less interested in the traditional study of Islam, and more concentrated on religious ideology as a means to influence the government. As such, some opened their own madrassahs so that they could funnel more graduates into the government or increasingly powerful political parties.41 In the late 1980s, the country began its decade of democracy. However, rather than economic prosperity and social equality, the decade produced poorer economic conditions and economic stagnation. The recession reduced employment opportunities, and many madrassah graduates who assumed they would secure a job within the government went unemployed. The curriculum many of the new madrassahs implemented left their students unqualified to beat out top students from government or private schools for the few positions available in the government, and it also left them unqualified for traditional ulama positions, which they theoretically could have secured if  they had followed traditional madrassah curricula. Rather than making students qualified for both religious and government work, the 1979 reforms had made students unqualified for either. With no opportunities in government or in religious posts, many new madrassah graduates focused their efforts on pursing their political agendas.42 They abandoned established political parties to form more extreme, militant ones. They also opened their own, more ideologically-minded madrassahs at an accelerated rate, thanks in part to the ncrease in zakat funds given to some madrassahs. While the more established madrassahs largely maintained their traditional curriculums, the madrassahs that were built during this time-especially those close to Afghanistan-were overseen by low ranking ulama who replaced traditional curricula with those that endorsed militarization. The goal of these madrassahs was to train students to become political activists, which they saw as more influential than a traditional ulama Post September 11th, it is clear how this radical momentum leading into the 1990s produced in Pakistan an environment similar to that in Afghanistan which provided Osama bin Laden p rotection and opportunity in planning the September 11th attacks. Why I Chose to Be an Accountant: A Reflection Why I Chose to Be an Accountant: A Reflection Accounting is an information and measurement system that we use for the purpose of identifying, recording, measuring, and communicating relevant and reliable information about an entity to those with an interest in the entity. Accounting is a very challenging and rewarding career with a wide variety of career paths that one can venture in. Accounting is more of a communicating language in the world of business and as a result, the demand for accountants are constantly increasing, making accounting an extremely marketable career path. An accountant, like a majority of other jobs, has the ability to work as an independent accountant or work in a corporate atmosphere. I decided to make a career into the field of accounting in the corporate market, working for a firm and then a private company. My goal is to achieve a position of a CFO or venturing into my own business. When I first heard about accounting I thought it was a generic degree that had only one specific work area inside of a business. However, after speaking to accountants and learning more about the career I learned of several opportunities that are available to an accountant with a Bachelors degree. This can include auditing, bookkeeping, budget analyst, financial accounting, management accounting, tax, and much more. Inside each of these careers, accountants could also find a specific niche that they particularly like. For example, I spoke with a lady who works as a tax consultant but has never done a tax statement in her life because all she does is work with international markets for her company as it pertains to the budgeting for the tax aspect. Auditing is one of the most common areas that accountants have chosen to build their careers in. I believe in this era that we are in today, the work of an auditor is extremely important to ensure that the numbers reported by an entity are accurate and as a result, we, as citizens, are able to invest in companies accordingly. Also, having the ability to audit a company requires in-depth knowledge into the market, legal environment, and the entity. Although I am interested in audit, I would like to start my career in tax. This is because taxation is an extremely important to a company and is extremely limited in regards to acceptance and turnover of employees. I believe to be a qualified tax accountant, an individual must have good knowledge of the necessary kind of government regulations and generally accepted accounting principles. As a tax accountant, I will be first be placed on a team in a tax department, where my duties can include reviewing files and company financial records, preparing ledgers, filling out tax forms, maintaining contact with tax agencies and holding meetings that are related to taxation and strategy (Admin, n.d.). My backup plan is to venture in becoming a forensic accountant with the FBI. I believe with my degree, as well as my military background in the U.S. Marines, I will be a qualified candidate. However, I dont believe in pursuing that as my primary career goal because the government funding is fi ckle as well as the pay, compared to the corporate market. Although tax in many firms, have a low acceptance rate and many companies require you to have at least 2-3 years work experience in the field as well as at least a bachelors degree, I believe I will excel when given the opportunity. This is because not only do I have a passion for it but I also excel in the quantitative areas. As far as the work experience that is required, I will be trying to go through an internship to full-time offer with one of the local firms in Miami, which doesnt require the work experience. With every accounting career field, you are required to work a lot of hours during busy seasons. At times I have heard of accountants working up to 7 days a week for 13-14 hours a day. I believe every qualified accountant expects a salary that is higher than or on par with other undergraduates from a number of business schools. Unfortunately, these expectations are rarely met in the current society. Currently the broad career field of Accountants and Auditors has an average hourly wage is $36.19 with an average annual salary of $75,280 (Labor, 2016).   However, as an entry-level tax accountant, I can realistically expect to earn between $47,568-$59,269 (salary.com, n.d.). Quite a number of students have joined the big accounting firms that pay higher salaries but its usually an average of around $50,000-$60,000. In other words, a lot of qualified accountants will be forced into sectors that dont pay as well. I believe in order to make the most in the beginning of my career, I should try not to fall victim to this lower market of accounts by realizing the dilemma and work and figure out ways to avoid it. One way I hope to avoid this is by completing my Master s in Accounting as well as my CPA. I also believe by doing programs like VITA and internships, will make me a key candidate that will be viewed as having the ability to succeed in any turmoil the company might face. The type of internships I will be looking to acquire internships that will give me experience with software solutions such as Inuit QuickBooks, Sage 50 Accounting, ATX Total Tax Office, CCH ProSystem fx TAX, Delphi Technology, and Oracle E-Business Suite Financial ls (Development, n.d.). Hopefully the internship I will be offered a full-time position in which I believe can help progress my career in one of the corporate offices because of a majority of their corporate promotion structure. I believe this will help mold me into an accountant that will be incredibly marketable in the corporate market. In conclusion, I would say that accounting is the very diverse career path that will forever be in demand. As our world moves more towards global transactions I also believe that we accountants will be in more demand. This is because accountants are a necessity to determine how successful a business entity is, that can be detrimental in determining if a business segment can survive in a new international market, costs needed to allocating, etc. For a successful career in accounting, I should always look for opportunities to mold myself as a capable accountant as well as adapt the new technology advances and learn how to adapt to the changing government regulations and generally accepted accounting principles. References Admin, W. (n.d.). What does a Tax Accountant Do? Retrieved March 27, 2016, from http://www.topaccountingdegrees.org/: http://www.topaccountingdegrees.org/faq/what-does-a-tax-accountant-do/ Development, N. C. (n.d.). Accountants. Retrieved March 22, 2017, from My Next Move: https://www.mynextmove.org/profile/summary/13-2011.01 Labor, U. S. (2016, March 30). www.bls.gov. Retrieved March 22, 2017, from Bureau of Labor Statistics: https://www.mynextmove.org/profile/ext/oesmaps/13-2011.01 salary.com. (n.d.). Tax Accountant | Salaries. Retrieved from salary.com: http://www1.salary.com/Tax-Accountant-I-Salaries.html

Temsas Global Product Strategy Marketing Essay

Temsas Global Product Strategy Marketing Essay Q1: Discuss the product strategies of Temsa Global in 1984 and in 2009. Ans: Temsa Global, when it began manufacturing operations for buses and coaches on 1984, was selling the products only under the name of Mitsubishi motors. Licensing and distribution agreements were signed by both the companies. The company could only manufacture the products which were designed by Mitsubishi and then could distribute them. And still today, Temsa Global performs operations such as the sales, services and spare parts for Mitsubishi passenger cars, the panel van as well as the pick-up light commercial vehicles, to support its licensing and distributorship agreement with Mitsubishi. But at that point of time, Temsa was not a brand in itself because it was not selling any original products under its name. Since 2003 however, when the Temsa RD and Technology Inc. was incorporated, the company has gradually shifted its product strategy. This shift in the strategy was mainly owing to the experience that the management had in the manufacturing of products. As the result of t he amalgamation of that experience with the research and development results from the sister company Temsa RD and Technology Inc., Temsa was successfully able to create products under its brand name and create a brand name for them in the Europe in the automobile industry. This helped them to gain a substantial market share as the new products were so designed that there was a reduction in the production costs. Hence, they were able to provide products to their target market at significant low prices. Also, with these new developments in the design, they were also effectively able to reduce the fuel consumption by the buses, which also helped them to gain a competitive advantage in the market. Temsa successfully used both the porter generic strategies to their best, by providing the same quality products at lower prices, hence the cost differentiation strategy, as well as providing the product with better benefits to the customers at reasonable prices-the product differentiation str ategy. (Temsa Global Official Website) Q2: What organizational changes are required to support the shift in strategy at Temsa Global? Ans: Since the company was earlier only manufacturing products whose designs were predefined, there was hardly any requirement for any sort of research and development facility. But in order to achieve the vision and the mission of the company, To Be A World Class Global Brand As A Commercial Vehicle Producer, Together, We Create Innovative Solutions For The Customers, and keeping objectives in line with the same, the company had to start developing its own branded product soon. Hence there is a requirement of infrastructure which will enable them to innovate, design new products for their customers. Also, there is a requirement of change in the organizational structure with the inception of the RD facility. This is because there has to be a top management to make right decisions at the right time, to have the greatest impact for the benefit of the organization. This top management is the one who should be accountable for every operation that is performed in the RD facility. Also, there would be a requirement of effective and efficient employees who need to be trained so that they can play their role in the organizations quest to achieve its vision and mission. Also, there is a requirement of the organization to focus on its budgeting strategies as there would be a need to spend more on the innovation and creativity. In order to meet the demands, needs and wants of a more-than-ever informed and changing consumer, and to fend off the competition (which keeps the organization on its toes else lose the market share to the competitors), it is necessary for a company to design and develop new products on a regular basis. Also, with the pace that the old technology becomes obsolete now-a-days and new technology always being at the doorstep, product development at a faster rate doesnt seem like a tough job. And more and more automation coming into the picture, even the manufacturing industry is availing the benefits provided by the mingling of Information Technology into everyday processes. Hence, sometimes there might be a requirement of retraining their employees to keep up with the technological advancements or at times, even replacing manually skilled workers. In every organization, whenever there is a change, there is always a resistance to change, so the top management has to take some steps which should ensure that this resistance should be at its minimum and the organization can take steps further and become closer to achieve its vision and mission. (Research and Development in the Automotive Industry, 2008) Q3: What are the possible advantages of investing in the RD center for advanced technologies? Discuss the implications considering the changing perceptions and demands of consumers. Ans: Investing, for any organization, is a tough decision, and a considerable amount of thought has to be put into the matter before an informed decision can be made. Sometimes companies opt for marketing research techniques to see if they can successfully make a decision. However, in a manufacturing industry, innovation and creativity plays a huge role in the development of the organization as a whole. Especially in an automobile industry, where fuel consumption is a big issue now-a-days, and the pollution measures, the eco-friendly initiatives by various organizations including the government, across the world, it is all the more necessary for an organization to constantly look for methods and way which can give them a competitive edge over the competition. The customers today are more careful about pollution and are more informed about measures to be taken to avoid pollution, and hence prefer eco-friendly vehicles. When travelling in buses and coaches, passengers want all the com fort they can and that too at a reasonable price, which can only be given if the coaches are constantly revamped, adding one thing or the other making them more customer satisfying. Also, the constantly reducing oil reserves across the world and subsequent rise in the prices make it more necessary for the customers to focus on fuel consumption as much as possible. There is a grave need to develop engines which can efficiently utilize the fuel and save as much as possible. RD centers today, are a common existence in almost all the industries across the world. If an organization invests in a RD center, it opens up a plethora of possibilities for itself. The RD efforts of the automobile industry are mainly centered on developing new and advanced technologies so as to manufacture an automobile which is not only environmentally compatible, but also economical for customers. RD centers can help them develop advanced  batteries which would require less re-charging; finding ways to produce bio-fuels for any type of engines, either diesel or gasoline. Q4: What should be the focus of Temsa Global in supporting its market driven product strategy and customized designs? Ans: Since Temsas strategy is on creating market driven products, it is necessary for them to focus on the customers needs and wants. They should conduct a market research amongst the target customers and based on the inferences made by the research, they should take a further decision. They should focus on customer satisfaction more than anything, because customer satisfaction is the buzzword today, in the industry. Management gurus have many-a-times said that in todays competitive world, the customer rules, and he is the king. The products should be made according to what the customer desires, only then can the product will be successful enough to provide opportunities for future growth of the company. The products should be constantly upgraded with new features and designs, which should entice the customers to buy the products. The company should follow an agile business strategy. To support the market-driven product strategy, Temsa Global should be aware of the market conditions , i.e. does the market have growth potential or not? They should also take into consideration the competitors, what they are trying to do, how they are trying to capture the market share and constantly strive to acquire new customers. To sum up, the product should me manufactured according to the market conditions, what is prevalent in the industry, will the customers like what is being sold to them and what is more likely to be purchased by the customers. Therefore, the main focus of the company has to be on the customers and their satisfaction. They should always provide distinct value proposition to the customers with their products. Then only the market-driven product strategy can work effectively. (Research and Development in the Automotive Industry, 2008)

Kicking The Habit Through Negative Reinforcement :: essays research papers

My addiction to nicotine progressed from casual social smoking to consuming two packs a week. Although I’ve only been smoking for about one year, I had to quit before my addiction became much stronger. Like most smokers, I’ve tried to quit cold turkey on many occasions, but the mood and the will power lasts only until my synapses (nerve endings) start screaming, crying, and pleading with my conscious for a cigarette. The intendment of my quest was to discern the influences on my smoking habit and to curb the physical and psychological addiction through the implementation of specific reinforced behaviors. Positive reinforcers make me smoke, and negative reinforcers prevent me from smoking. By identifying positive reinforcements, I learned to quit smoking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before beginning my analysis of my smoking habits, I recorded the number of cigarettes smoked on a daily basis. On an average day I smoked 4-5 cigarettes. By establishing my baseline performance on a typical week, I set out to find the positive reinforcements, which coerced me into smoking. The days that were most prolific in smoking were Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. The primary reason for the increase in smoking was due to the social events of that particular evening, which included the occasional alcohol consumption, and companionship of fellow smokers/friends. â€Å"Partying† dramatically affected my smoking habit. Undoubtedly my gregarious antics affected my smoking, but the post-sex cigarette also added to the count. By pinpointing these factors, I was able to invent a fixed negative reinforcement schedule to lead me away from smoking and steer me towards a healthier lifestyle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to develop a fixed negative reinforcement schedule, I divided my cigarettes into groups allowing myself only three cigarettes a day. I placed my daily ration of cigarettes into envelopes and labeled them for each day of the week. I smoked one cigarette after lunch, one after dinner, and one later at night. I would reward myself with a cigarette after attending classes and eating lunch. I would then reward myself with another cigarette after homework and dinner. Through the course of my week, I violated my regimen only twice. On Wednesday and Friday, I â€Å"bummed’ a cigarette from one of my friends. After feeling guilty about violating my regimen, I repented for hours, and swore to myself that I was going to beat my addiction. Primary negative reinforcers also helped me stick with the plan such as improved stamina during physical exercise and more money in my pocket.

Beowulf V. 13th Warrior :: compare contrast poem movie film

After reading the epic poem Beowulf and watching the movie The 13th Warrior, I find that the differences greatly outnumber the similarities. However, the theme of good versus evil reflects the values of the Anglo-Saxon people in both the poem and the movie. Numerous differences exist in the poem and the movie including the characters, the bloody battles, and the deaths of the heroes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many differences occur in the poem and movie. The difference in the heroes names becomes obvious. In the poem the heroes name is Beowulf. In the movie, Boulvine is the hero’s name. Another difference occurs in the monsters. In the poem the head monsters name is Grendle. In the movie though, the monster is called the leader of the Ven. Also, in the poem, Grendle is just one person. In the movies the Ven consist of a group of humans that act like animals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another difference in the poem and movie is the bloody battles. In the poem, Beowulf has supernatural powers when he is at battle. In the movie, Boulvine battles with human strengths and power. In the poem Beowulf fights all of his battles alone. In the movie Boulvine battles with several men. One of the famous warriors is the 13th warrior, played by Antonio Banderes. He helps Boulvine fight the Ven. In the poem Beowulf does not fight his third battle until 50 years later. In the movie Boulvine fights his third battle immediately after the second. The last difference that occurs is the difference in the deaths of the heroes. In the poem Beowulf dies form a slash to the throat from a dragon. In the movie Boulvine dies from poison. Beowulf dies as an old man in the poem. In the movie though, he dies as a young man. In the poem, Beowulf kills Grindle and then Grindles mother.

Justification of the Corn Laws Essay -- Politics History Political

Justification of the Corn Laws The Corn Law was a potentially dangerous bill introduced in 1815 after three years of good harvests. It was instigated with the support of Lord Liverpool the current Prime Minister who saw the Corn Laws as a temporary measure to create stability in the agricultural sector in the immediate post-war years. The Corn Laws were potentially disastrous because they, along with the abolishment of Income tax and the creation of the Game laws, were seen as a return by the ultra-Tory's to a single-issue, single class government. That issue being the wants and needs of the landed classes. I believe that the Corn Laws led large groups of the urbanised population to become unreasonably politicised in their demands to parliament. The catalyst for these potentially revolutionary actions being the starvation of the working classes - the Corn Laws. Lord Liverpool's justification for the Corn Laws was the appalling state of agriculture in England in the post war period. England faced a unique set of financial and economic problems bought about by the end of the war. The harvest of 1813, 14 and 15 were extremely good leading to a fall in prices by almost half. The end of trade sanctions after the end of the Napoleonic Wars flooded the British market with cheaper corn that made British Corn uncompetitive. Agriculture still exceeded manufacturing as the country's largest single economic interest. Therefore the Corn Laws were justifiable in this sense because they still supported the largest single category of labour provider. But while choosing to secure one social group Liverpool and his cabinet had provided immedia... ...for a slim chance of economic recovery in a single sector of the country's economy-agriculture. The British Government had decided to choke one group of citizens, the urban based working classes, to create a wealthier group of large land owners-ironically the largest group of MP's. In my eyes protecting no part of the economy would have been the best idea. No economic area would flourish but neither would any industry be choked. A free market mentality would be painful but would result in more efficient techniques in manufacturing and agriculture. All the Corn Laws seemed to do was underline the injustices that were allowed to happen because of the lack of universal suffrage. It also highlighted how inward looking and self centred the Ultra-Tory's were as well as highlighting urban electoral under representation.

Bible teacher Essay

There are many opinions about the book of Hebrews and a variety of responses. In order to recognize these, three people were interviewed to understand their impressions and how they generally understood the message of the book. A Bible teacher, a non-believer, and a friend who professes to be a believer were interviewed and these were the results. Mr. Edward Shim is a Bible teacher and informs us that Hebrews is about â€Å"the calling of Jesus as man’s Savior†. That He is â€Å"the complete author and provider of our salvation from sin. † According to Mr. Shim, â€Å"it explains the Son of God as the fulfillment of the symbolic tabernacle ceremonial system given to the ancient Israelites. The shedding of blood for the atonement of sin on a daily basis is replaced by the once and for all shedding of Jesus’ blood so that all those who believe through faith may be saved. We enter His rest by accepting Jesus’ death as salvation for our sins. Hebrews continues to support Jesus’ death as the valid and legitimate answer to sins’ demand of death. It concludes by calling all who accept his salvation to walk uprightly in spiritual maturity and growth. † He believes that no man, not even the pope, preacher, parent, or anyone can mediate between a person and God but Jesus Christ alone and that Christ’s death has â€Å"cleansed away the enmity between God and man. † Mr. Brian Starlin, a non-believer, says that he is not really familiar with the Book of Hebrews. All he says is that â€Å"there were men through whom God communicated. † Some of which were Moses and Noah, while Jesus was one of the more recent mediators. He adds further that â€Å"Christ’s sacrifice inspired a lot of people; helped push Christianity across the globe and still helps push it; and has led a lot of people toward a more moral and balanced life. † To Mr. Starlin, Hebrews is â€Å"an inspiring story about an important individual from the past, and it has influenced a lot of family members and friends,† so he respects what Christ’s influence has accomplished. Ms. Mishell Pang, on the other hand, is a friend who professes to be a believer. She says that the general message of the book is â€Å"of how Jesus is the ultimate high priest and no one can come to God except through Him. † She goes on to say that â€Å"Christ’s death cleansed every one of their sins,† and that accepting Jesus as savior and mediator to God is accepting God’s grace and forgiveness. The Book of Hebrews was written primarily for Christians who are undergoing persecution and discouragement. Its writer strives to strengthen the faith of believers in Christ by carefully explaining the superiority and finality of God’s revelation and redemption in Jesus Christ. He shows that God’s redemptive provisions under the old covenant have been fulfilled and made obsolete by Jesus’ coming, and the establishment of the new covenant though his atoning death. The writer hence, challenges readers to hold on to their confession of Christ until the end; to go on into spiritual maturity; and not to turn back to condemnation by abandoning faith in Jesus Christ. Both Mr. Shim and Ms.Pang basically understood the general message of the book which is about redemption in Christ Jesus; Mr. Starlin, on the other hand, honestly mentioned that he was not familiar with the Book of Hebrews. Nevertheless, it was noted that none directly mentioned an understanding of Christ as both genuine God and genuine man, but only about Christ’s sacrifice and what it has accomplished. Both Mr. Shim and Ms. Pang openly professed how much impact Christ’s sacrifice has touched them and how much they appreciate this sacrifice. They both claim that no one can come to God but through Christ alone. This assignment has helped me see and understand that though access to the Bible is now unlimited, there are still many who are not aware of its contents and message. It is sad to note that to some, its contents are mere stories and that Christ to them was just a man like the rest of God’s prophets and messengers and that they still have no knowledge about What Christ can do for them. This assignment has helped me realize how most of us are still spiritually hungry and how many among us are dying spiritually without proper knowledge of the Word.

More Than Just Race

More Than Just Race organism Black In The Inner metropolis William Julius Wilson Chapter One schema In this Chapter, the germ introduces his backstops and the way deal react to a greater extent or less him notwithstanding the fact that he Is a Harvard professor. Many of the residents in his bullying vest nervous because he Is low-mart when he rides the elevator with them. However, despite the fact that he Is discriminated against when he Is out of his suits, he states that he cannot blame them for being nervous about him.Due to the criminal and violent history that African Americans prevail today, as hygienic as the media arterial of African Americans, some great deal get a pre c erstived racist judgement of how every(prenominal) gruesome males ar. Wilson thoroughly explains that because of the ever-changing society, racial Inequality has continued. In the fit several decades, almost all of the Improvements In productivity drop been associated with technology a nd military personnel capital (Wilson 182). Although the changes in the work push have been helpful to mettlesomeer experienced workers, they have made construeing Jobs for refuse complete workers almost impossible.Because of the separationism in housing, schools ar a like sepa pass judgment and African Americans do not receive the aforesaid(prenominal) education that whites do. The fact that African Americans are restricted to communities that have high un involvement rank, and get off education opportunities, shockings suffer at a disproportionate rate. The culture already in tranquilliseed into sexual cities, racial discrimination continues to prevail. Culture is closely intertwined with complaisant relations in the sense of providing tools and creating constraints in patterns of social interaction. (Wilson 319).Chapter Two compend In this Chapter the author describes structural forces that have made an impact on the filthy club. He discussed forces that were influenced by campaign and those that still had an impact on the blackness community nonetheless. In the late sasss there was really little discussion about the challenges inward metropolis blacks organizationd. The lack of public knowingness of the challenges intragroup metropolis blacks face has contributed dramatically to the declining neighborhoods and the huge gap among race and income between inner city ghettos and urban areas.The Second Migration from the South to the North in 1970 was put to an end because of the decline in appointment in the inner city. Because of this migration, areas that were once greatly populated by grants were left(p) almost completely abandoned by the employed middle class. Cultural forces as swell up as morphologic forces good turn of the essence(predicate) graphemes in understanding the personal effects of living in brusk segregated areas. Although culture is a major break up of the outcomes inner city blacks face, they are cyphe r near the impact political forces in combination with economic forces produce in the inner city areas.Structural forces on pauperisation stricken areas have a a great deal greater significance than ethnical forces. Chapter one-third Synopsis In this Chapter, the author explained that blush though both structural and pagan explanations restrict African American male progress, structural explanations of the economic downfalls of low masterly African Americans hunt down a lots larger role than cultural explanations. The computing machine revelation in todays Job market has decreased the demand for low skilled employees and has restricted African Americans males from finding workplace in Jobs that in the past would propose them positions.The growth of value industries has also put a holt in the availability of employment to black males because of the demand for workers with education and at least a small heart of skill. Service industries just offer Jobs that admit worker s to serve and relate to customers. Black males have a difficult time get into this type of industry because often times, employers intend that women and recent immigrants of both genders are burst suited than black males. The employers beliefs that women are break-dance suited than back males comes from the high abandon rates in the inner city ghettos.Because of these violence rates, employers view blacks negatively. This violence also snaped a major role in the legal system and resulted in the higher incarceration rates of black males. Because of these forces, both cultural and structural, the demand for employment of low skilled black males has give out increasingly lower, specially for the ones who have prison records. Chapter 4 Synopsis In this Chapter, Wilson discussed the downfalls of poor black families. In a consider collected about poor families, it was assemble that in the U.S. Poor families tended to be ran by black woman and 31% of all poor households were ra n by young black women. Account for only 12% of the joined States population. Willows study of family life in boodle debunked that marriage has declined at a ofttimes faster rate among young, unemployed black fathers than it has for young employed black fathers. However, findings from inquiry did not find a sop up correlation between employment and rates of marriage. In the case of marriages among black cultural influences trump structural ones.Studies also revealed that responses between employment and marriage among poor women, despite race remain similar. Just like in all previous chapters, the sequestration of inner city blacks, as well as the issues of Joblessness and lack of opportunity, continue to play a great role in all aspects of African Americans lives. Chapter 5 Synopsis In this Chapter, Wilson sums up all his findings to bring into being a conclusion on how to touch base both structure and culture in order to create a more equal society.Cultural patterns in the inner city ghetto relate to in hital rules that shape how community act with one another and make decisions. The decisions made in the inner city ghettos often correlates with the way inner city residents view the way the world works. Residents of the ghettos find ways to adjust and respond to such negative racial economic segregation. These ways develop into the regular behavior that many urban students view as repulsive, influencing their racism even further. Structural patterns play a greater role in the curtailment of African Americans as well as other people of color.Political powers also play a role in the segregation of minorities, and even though there are some policy makers who are dedicate to ending the problems of race and poverty, they still face many challenges. It has become extremely important to discuss how the issues of race and poverty are viewed in public policy discussions because these reveal so much about our commitment, as a society to change. 20 almos t Important Points 1 . The portrayal of black men in the media as well as their rates of incarceration is ruffianly when employers evaluate the credibility of black males form employment. . As long as the high rates of incarceration and violence persist, people of all races will react to black males in public and private places negatively. 3. Structural forces contribute directly to racial base outcomes such as employment rate and differences in poverty. 4. The growth of new technologies in the workplace has changed the demand for different types of workers. 5. The victimisation in use of genealogy in the work place is especially toughened for African Americans because they have a higher average of low skilled workers. . tear down before the restructuring of the economy, low skilled African Americans were the last to be hired and the offshoot to be let go. 7. The future of families, especially poor working families, depends on how the presidency decides to react to changes in the economy. 8. Employers in the service industry feel that consumers perceived inner city black males to be flagitious or threatening. 9. In the past, black males only had to demonstrate strong useless because of the Jobs they were performing (assembly lines, construction, etc).