Forced child marriage in India (Modern Slavery) Free Essay Example, 1750 words

In other states such as Himachal Pradesh, Goa, Chandigah, Pondicherry, Daman and Diu, as well as Punjab and Delhi, nearly a tenth of the girls are married when they are barely 18 years of age. The sociological, anthropological, as well as psychological perspectives are consistent in their theoretical foundations of child marriage, that the practice arose as way of sealing bonds and establishing lasting alliances between families, groups or clans, to preserve or destroy power between them (Rubio 8). Child marriages have been a common occurrence in many societies across the world since the medieval era, as a strategy of strengthening unions between families or other parties. Child marriage in India traces its history in the medieval ages, under the turbulent political reign of Delhi Sultans’ monarchy; the Delhi Sultans caused widespread socio-cultural unrest by forcing people to convert to their religion, and the Hindu women were the worst affected group. This was the darkest era in the history of the Hindu woman since not only was her status lowered, but barbaric practices such as child marriage were also introduced. The Delhi Sultans decried the birth of a baby gir l as an ill omen and propagated the stereotype of young unmarried girls as a potential cause of disaster. We will write a custom essay sample on Forced child marriage in India (Modern Slavery) or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now In that case, child marriage evolved as a pervasive cultural practice that was justifiable on numerous grounds, thus, many marriages in India were performed even before the girl outgrew her infancy. Besides that, the Indian feudalistic society’s emphasis on honour, rivalry, and animosity led to the creation of military alliances between families and kingdoms to preserve or destroy power between them, and young members of their households were married off as guarantee that the bonds would be upheld. Similarly, the Indian society’s caste system is largely responsible for the emergence of child marriages in the country since it was practised as a way of preventing young people from getting tempted to marry outside their castes. Moreover, the child marriage tradition in India also had its social justifications as the Indians practised it as a way of protecting their girls against rapes as well as abductions by foreign rulers. Apart from that, the practice was also a way of strengthening family relations and bonds while fulfilling the old people’s desire to hold their grandchildren before their death. India has made some remarkable progress towards abolishing ch ild marriage, especially through the establishment of a national legal framework that is spelt through a number of acts of legislation, policy frameworks, strategy and plans, as well as programmes and schemes aimed at eliminating child marriage (Malika, Basu & Dhivya, David 7-9).

An essay on shopping malls and the power struggles going...

An essay on shopping malls and the power struggles going on within them. In this essay, I have given a critical analysis of Fiske s Shopping for Pleasure, from Reading The Popular. In this analysis, I will be examining the main points in this chapter and discussing Fiske s explanation for including each one. I will also be examining counter arguments from other sources on his theories. There are five distinctive sections within this chapter: malls, power and resistance , consuming women , commodities and women , conspicuous consumption , and progress and the new. I intend to look at each section separately, finally connecting the whole chapter at the end of my analysis. The first section from this chapter is titled†¦show more content†¦In this section the author reminds us that buying and ownership offers a sense of control and forms the main means of achieving this. ( Williamson : 1986) However ownership is not the only sense of control available to the consumer - the moment of choice is also an empowered moment. Fiske demonstrates this by including a paragraph describing a woman taking her daughter shopping and the daughter recalls the sense of power her mother felt over the shop assistant. De Certeau describes this as tactical raids ; the empowerment felt by the girl s mother was in the consumer versus distributor relationship. However, the author feels that there can be another explanation: the girl s mother was traditionally middle-class , so her actions could be explained as mistress-servant relationship, which is seen as less politically acceptable than tactical raids upon the system. Fiske suggests that in light of this produc tion may be essentially proletarian and consumption bourgeois. On the other hand, however consumption is more than a bourgeois act and appears to strengthen rather than menace the values of the bourgeois and forges social allegiances. The point is made that shopping itself can t be radical as commodities are produced by the capitalists, so can t as a product be radical, but the way they are consumed as items can be. Stedman-Jones (1982) points out that

Bastøy. We All Have An Idea Of How The Future May Look.

Bastà ¸y We all have an idea of how the future may look. Hovercraft vehicles, space travel as seen in the Star Wars series, and task driven robots living alongside us. All seemingly exciting advancements, nevertheless this â€Å"future† we imagine is still years away. However, what if that was not the case? People do not often realize how much the world changes around them as they are living their daily lives, but others are not that fortunate. Technology, transportation, and communication have all made immense progressions in the last couple decades, and we are able to adapt along the way. The problem is: what if we were not able to learn these things as the times changed? For countless American prisoners, today can be considered the future. Why†¦show more content†¦They are finding themselves trapped in the endless loop that is America’s prison system, therefore a momentous change will need to occur if we ever intend to break free from the cycle. To explain, in the article The Norwegian Prison Where Inmates are Treated Like People the author, Erwin James presents the idea of another country s prison system which is very different from the typical American view of the life of a convict. Prisoners on this Norwegian island are treated with consideration and respect. Instead of being locked up like dogs, a small island called Bastoy offers convicts rehabilitation and a chance for a fresh start. Men accept one another and hold their position in society. As seen in Figure 1, the island is not much different from a normal life. Five men usually live in each house, and when not doing their regular duties, are able to roam and visit as pleased. By working and witnessing how it feels to hold their ground in the community, prisoners are able to better fit into the world post release. Although locking people up and stripping them of their humanity may seem safer in the moment, it is causing numerous added problems for humanity in the lon g run. Bastoy has proven itself successful with the lowest reoffending rate in all of Europe at just 16 percent (James). And while this system, of course, will not be effective for every convict, the select prisoners that go throughShow MoreRelatedTechnology, Transportation, And Communication1070 Words   |  5 Pages We all have an idea of what the future may look like. Hovercraft vehicles, space travel as seen in the Star Wars series, and task driven robots living alongside us. All seemingly exciting advancements, nevertheless this â€Å"future† we imagine is still many years away. But what if it that was not the case? What if your future was today? People do not often realize how much the world changes around them as they are living their daily lives, but others are not that fortunate. Technology, transportation

Erikson s Eight Stages Of Psychosocial Development

Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development A follower in the footsteps of Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson agreed with Freud on certain aspects of development but differed in the psychological field. Unlike Freud, who believed human beings went through stages of psychosexual development, Erikson created his own stages focusing less on sexual pleasures and more on the psychosocial aspects of an individual from birth to late adulthood. Therefore, the psychosocial development focuses on how a person develops his identity. While Freud devised five stages in his theory, Erikson created eight stages to describe the changes a person experiences after adolescents. Within each stage of development, a person undergoes a crisis or learns a specific concept about themselves that will determine how they are in the future. Once someone overcomes the crisis or predicament, he has then established one part of himself and is able to continue on to the next stage. First, children from birth to one year old battles the crisis of trust versus mistrust. In this stage, babies develop trust if their basic needs are fulfilled and satisfied. Therefore, they are regularly feed, burped, and loved. Giving a child a bath and changing her diapers when needed are characteristics parents must meet in order for their child to trust them and have reliance in other individuals as she grows older. Trust provides a foundation for future goals and phases an individual must go through such as forming one’sShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Eight Stages Of Psychosocial Development1428 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development are very well known in the world of psychology. These eight stages deal with critical situations that we go through in life from infancy to late adulthood. â€Å"Throughout life we go through various stages during which we meet ever changing psychosocial challenges – the completion of these stages prepares us to mov e on to the following stages (Erikson’s Stages Through Identity).† This makes sense because we go through life making decisions in orderRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development884 Words   |  4 PagesErik Erikson Erik Erikson was born June 15, 1902. Erikson is best-known for his famous theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. His theories marked an important shift in thinking on personality; instead of focusing simply on early childhood event, his psychosocial theory looked at how social influences contribute to personality throughout the entire lifespan. Erik Erikson died May 12, 1994 due to prostate cancer. (Erik Erikson, 2015). Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentRead MoreErik Erikson s Stages Of Development1608 Words   |  7 Pages The Psychosocial Development The View on Erik H. Erikson s Stages of Development Frank Phan Cosumnes River College Psychology 300 Abstract This paper will touch over the aspects of Erik H Erickson s eight stages and how they affect everyday lives from infancy to adulthood. The paper will go over the approximate ages and the psychosocial crisis that they will eventually come to. Neglecting a child can lead to a cause of mental negligence in the form of Arrested Development. Within differentRead MoreErik Erikson : Psychosocial Development1103 Words   |  5 PagesErik Erikson: Psychosocial Stages of Development â€Å"Erik Erikson was best-known for his famous theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. His theories marked and important shift in thinking on personality; instead of focusing simply on early childhood events, his psychosocial theory looked at how social influences contribute to personality throughout the entire lifespan† (Cherry). This paper will discuss Erikson’s childhood and the influence it had on his work. AlsoRead MoreErikson s Psychosocial Theory : Development Of Ego Identity1293 Words   |  6 PagesZoi Arvanitidis 05/16/17 ECEE-310 Dr.Alkins Studying Erikson’s Psychosocial theory Erik Erikson was a student of another theorist, Sigmund Freud. Erikson expanded on Freud’s psychosexual theory. Erikson later developed the psychosocial theory. This theory described the effect of one’s social experiences throughout one’s whole lifespan. One of the main elements of Erikson’s psychosocial theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we developRead MoreThe Eight Crisis Stages Of Erik Erikson Development Theory1456 Words   |  6 Pagesdefined by an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that help to explain phenomena and facilitate predictions. With development the series of age-related changes that happen over the course of a life span which theorist observe these developments as a series of stages during which individuals displays qualities of behavior patterns. There are five theoretical orientation to development such as psychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioral and social cognitive, ethologi cal, and ecological. It is a fact thatRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Erik Erikson (1902-1994) provided a new perspective of psychosocial behavior and development while expanding on the works of other theorists. Erikson believed there to be eight stages of psychosocial development which a person transitions through. These stages start at birth and end with old age/death. Erikson’s work is used throughout many outlets of social work. Social workers use this information to help them figure out what is going on with clients and how best to help them. Erikson providesRead MoreErik Erikson s Psychosocial Theory On Child Development1388 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory on Child Development Erik Erikson, a well known developmental theorist, developed his theory about stages of human development from birth to death by using Freud s work as a starting point. According to Erikson, personality develops in a series of stages. Erikson found out that children experience conflicts which affect their development. He described the internal conflict which children go through in developmental stages using the term ‘crisis’ and are based onRead MoreThe Theorist I Choose For This Paper That I Believe I Relate1509 Words   |  7 Pageschoose for this paper that I believe I relate to the most is Erik Erikson. Erik Erikson is best known for his theory on identity, which was a theory that was broadened from Sigmund Freud while retaining its core work (Schultz, D. Schultz, S., 2013). Erik Erikson’s mother, who was Jewish, became pregnant but a man that was not her husband after her husband’s disappearance. She was sent to Germany, where she gave birth to Erik. Erik Erikson grew up believing his pediatrician was his biological fatherRead MoreThe Boys Building A Racetrack1207 Words   |  5 Pagesrebuild their previous structures after they finish the racetrack. Erik Erikson was a student of Sigmund Freud unlike Freud, Erikson considerably focused on the social environment in a person s psychological development. Erikson’s theory is the psychosocial theory of personality development. It is important to understand a small percentage of what Sigmund Freud studied in his line of work to fully understand what Erik Erikson accomplished. Freud liked to talk about how nature and nurture contribute

Restaurant Operation Management - 5805 Words

Restaurant Operation Management EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This project is about us being hired as a restaurant manager of a new American ethnic restaurant. It has a seating capacity of 80, which it serves mainly American cuisine accompanied with various types of alcohol and non-alcoholic beverages. The operation time is from 11am – 1am and our target market would consist of 50% local and 50% tourist. As restaurant manager, we are assigned to produce a proposal for this upcoming restaurant which will be starting its business in three months time, which the proposal has to include the following details: * Introduction, history, background, and concept of the new restaurant * A special menu which are suitable for all the meal periods,†¦show more content†¦These traits must be inborn with the entrepreneurs or restaurant managers who wish to succeed in restaurant operation management. Further to these, there are many managerial skills have to be equipped so that they can manage and ensure the whole restaurant operation runs effec tively and efficiently, which include planning, organizing, coordinating, staffing, directing, controlling, and evaluating. In fact restaurant operations require more than just that. It involves several closely related and sequential management activities, which starts with menu planning and continues with purchasing, receiving, storing, issuing, kitchen production (preparation, cooking and holding), serving (moving final food and beverages products from production to service staff), and service (service staff delivering the products to the customers). All of these activities are related and thus each and every stage of activity will be affecting one another in the effectiveness of the overall operation. Some of the restaurant operation activities involve general business management knowledge such as managing human resources, accounting and financial management, legal aspects, and engineering or facilities maintenance. Nonetheless, there are also several restaurant-specific management activities which are extraordinary to the restaurant industry, such as sanitation, food andShow MoreRelatedThe Food And Beverage Management1506 Words   |  7 Pagesand beverage management is very significant function for each and every hospitality organization. The current research report focuses on the food and beverage operation management (Heizer and et al, 2009). The whole research report is based on case study of Queens Head restaurant and its food and beverage management. The current study includes the assessment of the operation system and its effectiveness for organization. Further, it focuses on the critical appraisal of the operation planning andRead MoreOperations Management for Mcdonald963 Words   |  4 PagesBachelor of Science Operations Management Pre course assignment Intake: BSc14L Student Name: Wu Linlin Student Number: 10287698 Lecturer: Professor Brian Fynes Dr. Chang Chen Sheng Date of Submission: 21 February 2012 For the fast food chains, it is no doubt that McDonald s is successful in the world. It is known to all from children to elder. This is closely relevant to organization operation that produces food and services. Operation plays an importantRead MoreHow to Hard Rock Cafe Success1396 Words   |  6 Pagessuccess story in operation management. From its very first London pub in 1971, after 39 years of existence Hard Rock cafà © continued expanding and succeeding in many different countries. This paper will discuss how the 10 decisions of the Operation management were made on Hard Rock Cafà © as well as operation management challenges and opportunities confronting Hard Rock Cafà © when considering an expansion of its business in Hanoi. 1. Critically evaluate the operations management strategy of HardRead MoreOperational Management quiz 11500 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Uitwerkingen vragen Operational Management toets 1 Copyright: BartThom Signs and symbols in a service facility are helpful because they: Reduce anxiety with waiting Cause customers to spend more money per visit Cause employees to be more helpful Orient customers and promote acceptable behaviour Using the SREDEDIM method, if you had to monitor to see if the conditions had changed which step would you perform: Install a new method Examine the facts Maintain new method Select the work method RecordRead MoreHard Rock Cafe Om Case Essay654 Words   |  3 PagesINTRODUCTION TO OPERATION MANAGEMENT PG1 INTRODUCTION TO OPERATION MANAGEMENT: Identify how each of the 10 decisions of operations management is applied at Hard Rock Cafà ©. TOURO UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL GEORGE L. HALL MODULE I CASE ASSIGNMENT OPM 300 INTRODUCTION TO OPERATION MANAGEMENT DR. ROGER B. RENSVOLD DR. GARY HANNEY 18 AUGUST 2008 Identify how each of the 10 decisions of operations management is applied at Hard Rock Cafà ©. Read MoreHard Rock Cafe Case Study1435 Words   |  6 PagesHard Rock Cafà ©, a successful theme restaurant, a global competitor, and a phenomenon opened on June 14, 1971 in England. After a decade, in 1988, Hard Rock Cafà © relocated its headquarters to Orlando, Florida and has since then, expanded its location to more than 40 Cafà © and employee 75% of their employees throughout the United State. While serving more than 100,000 meals each day, Hard Rock Cafà © chefs are adapting to the change of new taste and music as they continue to gain 45 plus years to theirRead MoreThe Conception Of Operation Management1521 Words   |  7 Pagesabout the conception of operation management, and history of operation management. It also presents the circumstance of New Zealand SMEs and analysis on number of birth and deaths of different business sectors in 2010. At the end of the report, it pr ovides the review of the business in New Zealand by major focus on their needs. In section 1, the report demonstrates the review of literature on the operations management. Among them, it includes what is operations management, explaining the roles andRead MoreNandos Services Operations Analysis Essay3534 Words   |  15 PagesLT2012N Leisure and Tourism Services Operations Management Coursework One – individual report Student ID: 09016436 Word count: 2, 916 (excluding executive summary, references and bibliography and tables) NANDO’s Stroud Green, London – service operations management report Content 1.0 Executive Summary 2.0 Introduction 3.0 The service package 4.0 Service people and the service encounter 5.0 Service Processes 6.0 Capacity management 7.0 Conclusion 8.0 Visitations 9.0 References and bibliographyRead MoreGoods Services1178 Words   |  5 PagesHomework #2: Goods, Services, and Operations Management Written By: Tamara Ellis Prof. Samuel A. Garwon MGMT 480 – 002 March 6, 2013 1. Explain why a bank teller, nurse, or flight attendant must have service management skills. How do the required skills differ for someone working in a factory? What are the implications for hiring criteria and training? Service-providers need technical/operations skills plus human interaction and marketing skills. A bank teller, for example, must be ableRead MoreOperations Management1791 Words   |  8 PagesQUESTION 1 Operations management must be managed properly in order to improve an organization’s productivity and profitability. In the Cadbury World case, several micro and macro processes are involved and those processes bring some impacts to Cadbury World. Thus, Cadbury World must possess a sustainable micro and macro processes to achieve the best outcome and performance. Micro processes that involved are easily to manage compared to macro processes because macro processes are hard to manage

Financial Women Right in Islam

Question: Describe the financial women right in islam? Answer: In todays world, Muslim women are known to actively affirm their responsibilities and rights, nullifying any preconceived notions that portray Muslim women as being oppressed and repressed. The Holy Book, Quran, states that both men and women are obligated to practice same religious responsibilities and will be rewarded accordingly on their day of judgement. However, there is a notable difference in the circumstances for both men and women when discussing certain instances; these passages are being interpreted and studied by both men and women. For instance, as per the Islamic understanding of the Quran verses, Muslim men are considered responsible for financial supporting women. In other words, Islam provides women with a greater financial security when compared to men. For instance, married Muslim women are bound to be given marital gifts at the time of marriage along with keeping all the existing and future income properties for the purpose of their own security (Allen, 1999). Hence, she is not required to spend a single dime of her own income or property on the household i.e. she is entitled for complete financial support during her marriage Iddah i.e. the time period right after divorce, along with child support in case she has a child. It is important to note that, in reference to the Islamic Quran, since a family includes of genders, men and women, both the genders hold equal rights in the possession of the property. The following report sheds light on the financial rights of Muslim women as per the norms of the religion of Islam. The report compromises of a detailed account of the financial rights that Muslim women actively practice today, which they believe are offered to them by the Quran. The report below is subdivided into Muslim womens financial responsibility, financial rights of wives, provision of marital gifts and the Islamic law of inheritance. Right of Women in Inheritance During the ancient times, women of Islam were given no right to inherit any financial support from the generations above and even if they did, they were still treated as inferior to men. Women were not allowed to have their own legal independent personality and had no right to receive any form of financial support as inheritance (Ali, 1979). As per the ancient legal systems, even if the daughters, back then, received little inheritance, her child did not. Whereas, in the case of a son, the inheritance received was not only for the son himself but also for his children. Similarly, some other systems allowed women to inherit however not in the expected form of an appointed share; if the progenitor desired, he was allowed make a bequest, favouring the wife or daughter. Well, time has changed and the Islamic laws of inheritance have become free of all the defects and short-comings of the past. The Quran specifically mentions that the women of Islam are equally obligated to receive inheritance, irrespective of their status i.e. whether she is a mother, daughter, sister or wife (Ali, 1979).. As previously mentioned, a Muslim woman is guaranteed to have financial support at every stage of her life i.e. whether be it her role as a daughter, sister, wife or mother, until death. However, in order to balance out the additional advantages that are ensured for women by Islam, certain provisions were made that allow Muslim men to inherit twice as much as the Muslim women. In other words, women hold possessions over a share which is half of what men will receive from the progenitor. Islamic law of inheritance states that a husband is to receive twice of what the wife will, a brother will receive twice of what the sister will and a son will receive twice of what thedaughter will receive; there is an exception in the cases of fathers and mothers. The Islamic law states that if the parents of the deceased are alive, then they are obligated to receive one sixth of the property left behind (Allen, 1999).. In short, the males will inherit more than what the women will, however, considering the financial responsibilities of a Muslim man towards his family and household, this law can be said to be justified, especially when the Muslim women are under no obligation to spend a single penny of their inheritance for sustaining her family, household or even herself. Since the Muslim men are responsible for all females i.e. wife, mother, sisters, daughters etc. in his family, it is acceptable to allow them to inherit twice as much of what the Muslim women will inherit from th eir progenitors. Right of women to exercise financial behavior As mentioned earlier, a woman practicing Islam is not obligated to any financial responsibilities when it comes to maintaining and sustaining a family. In other words, no Muslim woman is required to financially support her household, even in case of possession of income property. Men practicing Islam i.e. the father or son or brother are required to provide their family with all the financial support necessary, thus, the responsibilities lies on their shoulders. This applies to both married and unmarried women; all the financial needs of a Muslim woman, before marriage, are to be fulfilled by her brother father. Once married, this becomes the duty or responsibility of her husband and her son (Ali, 1979). In addition to the above, it is important to note that a Muslim woman has the equal right on the sources of income and properties possessed by her husband. A working women in Islam, is by no means required to spend a single dime of her earnings; all the earnings she saves and makes, remain her property. It is her right to choose, whether if she wants to financially contribute for the well being of her household or not. It is important to note that, no matter how financially stable the women may be, it is her husbands duty or responsibility to provide his wife and family with basic boarding, lodging, clothing and fulfil other financial aspects. However, in cases where the husband is suffering from any disability or illness or unemployment, she may be required to use her earnings or savings so as to provide her family with all the necessities; note that women are not legally obligated to do this. Similarly, a woman is entitled for complete financial support during her marriage or in case of widowhood or divorce, during the waiting period (Abd Al-Ati, 1977). In context of divorce, women may require financial support of minimum of one year or until or unless they remarry within the year after divorce. Moreover, it would be true to say that a Muslim woman is guaranteed to have financial support at every stage of her life i.e. her role as a daughter, sister, wife or mother, until death. Right of women to own Property From this historical perspective, acknowledgement in the Quran states that womens right of owning property should be an important one because the position of women is strong according to the Holy text. During the Prophets period, women had all the right over their property. On general perspective, the law of Islam lets women to have, use and dispose their property but the detailing into the matter clearly states that on marriage, the women lose their right on property and it gets transferred to her husband. Women in Islam are reserved in nature and property ownership in limited space is not possible and so there are restrictions. Right of Women to own Dowry As previously mentioned, at the time of marriage, the bride is on the receiving end i.e. she is presented with marital gifts from the groom that no one but the bride has a control over. The proposal from the groom comprises of a marital gift, often regarded as Mahr. In Islam, no marriage solemnizes until the bride is offered with Mahr, making Mahr a compulsion. Though, there is no limit to what can or cannot be offered as a Mahr; Islam encourages provision of lower Mahr because it is believed that an inflated Mahr is more likely to burden the newly married couple and may result in starting their news lines with a negative imbalance or financial exhaustion. The sole purpose of Mahr is to ensure the bride with financial security for her future; remember, this marital gift will solely remain the property of the woman and that no family members of hers or the groom himself will posses any share or control over it (Mace 2001). Unlike other cultures, where the bride and her family are dumped on the financial responsibilities, Islam prohibits any form of direct or indirect demands of dowry. It is seen in certain cultures that the bride and her family are expected to compromise and are demanded of marital gits, making all the financial responsibilities fall onto the girls and her familys shoulder. However, Islam strictly discourages any such demands until or unless the bride or her family willingly offer the groom or his family with something of such type; indirect or direct forcing or demanding is strictly prohibited (Abd Al-Ati, 1977). This is solely to ensure the brides financial security along with her integrity; it is believed that the married life of the newlyweds should not begin on a negative note, ensuring their happiness. Right to property after marriage As a wife, a Muslim woman is entitled for equal possession of the properties owned by her husband and is bound to receive marital gifts at the time of marriage along with keeping all existing and future income properties to ensure self financial security. Thus, it can be said that Islam grants Muslim married women with an independent personality. At the time of marriage, the bride and her family are by no means obligated to present the groom or his family with any sort of marital gift. In fact, it is the groom who is required to offer the bride with a marriage proposal that comprises of a marital gift. It is important to recognise that this marital gift will solely remain the property of the woman and that no family members of hers or the groom himself will posses any share or control over it (Mace 2001). At the time of divorce, the bride may retain all her marital gifts presented to her at the time of marriage along with all her possessions and earnings that she saved during her marriage period. The husband has no right to control or have a share in any of the womens financial properties until or unless she, herself presents him with the offer (Ali, 1979). Additionally, as previously stated, as a working wife, the woman is not expected to contribute to the financial well being of her family i.e. as a working wife, she is by no means obligated to financially contribute for the sustainment of her household and family. All her earnings and savings will remain her property, until or unless she willingly decides to contribute and allows her husband to posses his control over or share her property. Again, no married women, no matter how rich or financially stable, is under the obligation of providing her family with any support; it is solely the responsibility and duty of her husband to fu lfil basic needs of boarding, logding, clothing, consumables and other aspects of household. A married Muslim woman can be said to retain her own family name and independent legal personanility. However, in certain countries, due to absence of the financial security measures mentioned in Islam or other reasons of survival, Muslim women may be required or forced to financially support their family and seek employment, due to circumstances that cause them to recognize their role as mothers. Right of Women in the certificate on the economic and financial transactions Additionally, an important difference that differentiates the Quran from other systems or faiths is their attitude towards inheritance of property by Muslim women in case of a deceased relative. Islam truly believes in providing all females with the right to inherit their determinate share, further abolishing any unjust customs. Similarly, Islam also critically takes into consideration the importance of dower and maintenance; according to Islam, both dower and maintenance are effective and essential when consolidating a marriage since they ensure coherence and harmony within the domestic family (Abd Al-Ati, 1977). Any abolition of dower and maintenance is likely to result in disintegration within the family structure. Also, it is believed that there is a possibility that it may push women towards prostitution. Thus, it is important to understand that the compulsion of dower and the maintenance has consequently reduced the Muslim womens share of inheritance; since the Muslim men are b urdened with this responsibility and the womens financial commitments have been reduced, this Islamic law of inheritance operates as a reimbursement that compensates men for the extra burden they are fraught with. In other words, a rational justification for the above would be that since the financial obligations and duties of a Muslim man exceed that of a Muslim woman, it becomes necessary for men to inherit twice as much as the women. One needs to take into account all the advantages ensured for women by Islam which include of receiving marital gifts and not having to spend any of their own earnings or properties for sustenance, so as to understand that Muslim men are simply being compensated for the extra burden that they are fraught with by letting them have twice as much of the inheritance as the women (Allen, 1999). Moreover, one needs to realize that Islam fervently encourages family life and discourages divorce; single life is a rare exception within the Islamic society and if one was to notice, most Muslim marriage-aged men and women are married. In light of the above, if would be highly appreciated that one recognizes the importance of the inheritance rules and realizes that these ar e simply meant to counteract the imbalance within the society so as to let a society sustain or survive time devoid of any class or gender wars. Conclusion Islam provides women with a greater financial security when compared to men. The Holy Book, Quran, states that both men and women are obligated to practice same religious responsibilities and will be rewarded accordingly on their day of judgement. However, as per the Islamic understanding of the Quran verses, Muslim men are considered responsible for financial supporting women. A woman practicing Islam is not obligated to any financial responsibilities when it comes to maintaining and sustaining a family; she can be said to retain her own family name and independent legal personanility (Ali, 1979).. Though, in certain countries, due to absence of the financial security measures mentioned in Islam or other reasons of survival, Muslim women may be required or forced to financially support their family and seek employment, due to circumstances that cause them to recognize their role as mothers. The Islamic law of Inheritance is of utmost importance when discussing the financial rights of a Muslim woman. Islamic laws of inheritance have become free of all the defects and short-comings of the past; the Quran specifically mentions that the women of Islam are equally obligated to receive inheritance, irrespective of their status i.e. whether she is a mother, daughter, sister or wife. Though, in order to balance out the additional advantages that are ensured for women by Islam, certain provisions were made that allow Muslim men to inherit twice as much as the Muslim women (Allen, 1999). In other words, women hold possessions over a share which is half of what men will receive from the progenitor. One should realize that Islam fervently encourages family life and discourages divorce; single life is a rare exception within the Islamic society. For this reason, inheritance rules are simply meant to counteract the imbalance within the society for reassuring sustenance of life. References Ali, Y.A., 1979. The Holy, Qur'an: Translation of verses is heavily based on A. Yusuf Ali's translation The Glorious Qur'an text translation, and Commentary, The American Trust Publication Abd Al-Ati., Hammudah., 1977. Islam in Focus, The American Trust Publications Allen, E. A., 1999. History of Civilization, General Publishing House, Cincinnati, Ohio. Mace., David., Vera., 2001. Marriage: East and West, Dolphin Books, Doubleday

Intra Organization and Power Bargaining Model free essay sample

Intra organization is a key factor to the beginning stages of how successful a bargaining unit will be in negotiations. Intra organization is when each respective in a particular bargaining unit works towards a consensus. The inability to agree within ones bargaining unit slows down the process and can create dysfunction. Negotiating starts within each bargaining unit during pre-bargaining preparation. This is where discussion and negotiations begin within each bargaining unit to decide what is most important to least importance. Once the pre-bargaining preparation process is complete, the bargaining unit is ready to negotiate against the other bargaining unit. There were many forces that impacted our Intra-organizational bargaining. First we all had our individual perception on what was most important and what was least important. This had a lot to do with our personalities, attitudes, values and beliefs. For example, depending on our personalities, those who were shy didn’t get to fully express how they felt about their issue. On the other hand those in the bargaining unit who were out spoken would make it a point to not let up and fight for their concerns. Our bargaining unit had a variety of issues we wanted to push to get into the contract. We had to decide what we considered a must haves and what can be used as a bargaining chips. Discussions continued until we all had a good idea where our stance was as a bargaining unit with each issue. The end result of our intra-organization bargaining was difficult but successful. We were able to agree on what issues were most and least important to our bargaining members. We had a few bargaining representatives who were concerned with subcontracting and their job security. Then we have other members who felt subcontracting was irrelevant but having a flexible schedule was above all else. My concern was to allow management to keep their managing power in order to continue to be strong in this competitive market. I needed innovative ideas to create progress within the company, while building opportunity for our members. We agreed that machinist would get a 6% increase and nothing less. We wanted a wage increase across the board for all employees, but our team agreed if we can give employees other benefits outside of pay increase; we would still be in good stance. We understood that we should negotiate taking subcontracting out of the contract, and use it as a bargaining chip. While understanding that our bottom line in regards to subcontracting was the language; we wanted to make sure management doesn’t have full reigns. We would allow management the option to subcontract but at the same time put limitations to subcontracting with the language used in the contract. As a bargaining unit we knew that changing and adding into the contract different aspects such as, flexible schedules, use of vacation, adding health and safety and an apprentice program would help our overall contract negotiation process. Bargaining Power Model Bargaining Power Model a is held by both parties during negotiation process. Its Another important concept is the Bargaining Power Model. Both Union and Management have agreement and disagreement costs. Unions lower managements bargaining power when they receive financial supplements. On the other hand managements disagreements cost can decrease with the lack of need when it comes to employees. Unions and managements bargaining power can change from one day to the next. Incidents such as inventory, supply and demand, wage-price controls, economic changes along with social changes have major influences in the bargaining power model. Under the power bargaining model there are two major assumptions. The first being that â€Å"union and mangament negotiators cost issues in a similar manner and are rational individuals, and if it cost more for a party to disagree than to agree with the other, then the party will agree to the other party’s proposal. (labor relations process) As the union bargaining unit we have decieded to negotiate a win win bargaining strategy or also refered to Mutual gain bargaining. This strategy is used whern both partys negotiate in away where both needs are displayed and honesty takes the leading roll in negotiations. This strategy seemed to work well with our negotiation process considering we were able to pin point wehre we saw a common ground and dominate those areas. On the other hand we understood what was important to management and see what we can use to lower the cost of agreeing with management on specified issues. e understood that we have a lot of bargaining power considering 95% of employees are in the Union. We put that into consideration as we decided what it was we were going to negotiate and what type of resilience we were going to set for each issue. My Union bargaining member profile was Union International Representative. I had to be sure to negotiate a win-win contract. I wanted to make sure management kept their administrative rights, while implementing new programs to keep union bargaining members happy. My main objective was to make sure it was clear that a great contract is when both parties bargain in good faith. Showing to the members of the union that management is working with the and both parties want to make positive changes within the company for all employees. Implementing new programs such as apprenticeship along with health and safety article will bring positive reinforcement to union members and all members. This helped us come up with strategies to bargain an all-around good contract.