Theories of Growth, Loss and Stress

Theories of Growth, Loss and StressTheories ar apply to explain the characteristics and circumstances of individual. Theories look at serviceman growth and tuition managing loss and trade managing evince and behaviourPsychoanalytical TheoryThis antenna looks at the underlying unconscious processes in individuals. Ideas schooled by Sigmund Freud.Sigmund Freud he stated the belief that the churl is born with basic animal instincts that get at the unconscious level of thought. These instincts require immediate gratification. victimization depends in part on transforming these animal needs into socially acceptable, rational behaviour. The scope of potential behaviour is very broad at birth and whence becomes increasingly reduced in scope, fixed in form and regulate to conform to social norms (Boundless, 2017).Eriksons Psychosocial TheoryEriksons theory is reard on the psychoanalytical approach to human study, founded by Sigmund Freud.Erikson hoped that the process of so cializing the child into a given culture occurs as the person passes through eight innately determined, sequential stages. Although he recognized the individuals instinctual drives, Erikson emphasized the childs interaction with the environment (Erikson, 1959). For Erikson, the terminations of after childhood washstand undo the genius foundations built earlier in life story (Boundless, 2017).Behaviourist theoryThis is used to describe human behaviour. The fantasy is that all human behaviour can be understood as a result of learning. There are two types of learning clear conditioning inducing a natural reflex response to a stimulus and Operant conditioning using reward and punishment to metamorphose behaviour (McLeod, 2017). Behaviourism helps to modify behaviour by using operant conditioning. E.g. if a client does something wrong, they should be told of so that they do not fictionalise their wrong doings. At the same time we offer some rewards for true behaviour to reinforc e those behaviours.Humanistic TheoryThis theory tries to assure human development according to how the self develops. Sense of self in toll of self-concepts, and self-esteem is developed right from childhood. Self-concept is about how we see ourselves.eg(female, tall, brown-eyed, skills and competences, being kind, incertain outgoing, lively, thoughtful, honest etc., fire fighter, doctor, brother sister etc. Self-esteem refers to how we go away about ourselves. How much value we give to ourselves and how lovable and likeable we believe ourselves to be. The self-esteem can be shattered depending on how individuals are treated. If discriminated against, ridiculed, neglected criticised,individuals will develop a low self-esteem (AQA,2017).NatureThis story of behaviour and personality development focuses on what we are born with. This intromit characteristics like Left-handedness, intelligence, susceptibility to certain illnesses, temperament (shy, withdrawn, or outgoing and conf ident). genteelnessRefers to all that happens within the environment. It involves the way someone is brought up and the way they are treated by parents, teachers and peers. All these influence behaviour and development and goes towards edifice a personality.Piagets Cognitive-Developmental Theory Cognitive theory is involved with aspects on an individuals cognitive processes that are involved with learning, thinking, knowing about, reflecting on, and understanding the world. It involves the study of our thinking, memory, intelligence, perception, problem resolving power and reasoning. Piaget described that in different stages of a person life they would develop skills in reasoning and comprehension. The stages he compiled are as follows (Learning-theories, 2017)a. Sensorimotor development (0-2 years). As an infant the person exercises rudimentary sensory (seeing touch, hearing, tasting, smelling) and motor (kicking, punching, sorrowful around, hitting objects) awareness and functi ons al well-nigh exclusively by means of reflex(prenominal) responses. The child cannot think abstractly.b. Preoperational thought (2-7 years). The person is now a child and butts an increase in language abilities and concepts become more elaborate. However, the child can only view the world from its own perspective. Their intellectual state is immature.c. concrete operations (7-11 years). As an older child the ability to consider the viewpoints of others and understand relational concepts is evident. However, the child cannot will struggle to solve problems of an abstract constitution (Learning-theories.com, 2017).d. Formal operations (11-15). Now an adolescent the person is able to demonstrate abstract thinking and scientific problem-solving strategies emerge. This theory informs health and social dispense professionals to understand the level of thinking of individuals with learning difficulties who may have a lower mental age in relation to their physical aid. book communi cation techniques are required to reach out to them.Managing loss and alternate mixture management is a basic skill in which most leaders and managers need to be competent. This theory looks at the basic principles of change management, and how to apply them People react differently to change when it occurs because of differences in our personality and our inner conflicts as proposed by Erikson in his theory of psychosocial development. Change ofttimes involves a loss, and people go through the loss curve. Expectations need to be managed realistically. Fears have to be dealt with by giving people honest information and also to be opened about the facts (North West NHS Academy, 2017). Avoid dead reckoning and meet their unrealistic expectations. Major changes in our lives may have a positive impact depending on the ways of coping. On the other hand, major(ip) change in our lives can lead to stress and loss of agency depending on our abilities to cope with them.Managing stress and behaviourFrom the biological point of view, stress causes the release of adrenalin and noradrenalin and cortisol (hormones). Adrenalin and noradrenalin make us scent agitated and uncomfortable, while prolonged secretion of cortisol is associated with depression. However 2 people can be exposed to the same stressful event and react differently. This can be explained by the cognitive approach. For example if a negative event happens, the stress response if mild for someone whose thoughts are along the lines of positive thinking. For example if they think it is an opportunity or a challenge, rather than a threat. The stress response will be grim for someone who thinks that this is the end of the line (Schneiderman et Al, 2017).Choice and InteractionThis focus on the belief that people can take control of their own lives base on the choices they make. Nonetheless, others believe that everything in life is fixed by spirit and nurture. In most cases, people believe that human life tak e to the woods involves an interaction of nature, nurture and the decisions and choices we make. For instance, if performing prayers (5) times daily is part of your environment, your genes may make you urge to do your prayers. However your choice and interaction depends on your reaction (Pearson Education, 2017).Health care professionals need to know these theories in edict to understand different personalities and understanding of how individuals may react differently to life situations.ReferencesAQA. (2017). The Humanistic Approach AQA B Psychology. online usable at http//aqabpsychology.co.uk/2010/07/the-humanistic-approach/ Accessed 4 Feb. 2017.Boundless. (2017). Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality. online Available at https//www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/personality-16/psychodynamic-perspectives-on-personality-77/freudian-psychoanalytic-theory-of-personality-304-12839/ Accessed 4 Feb. 2017.Development through the life stages. ( 2017). 1st ed. ebook London Pearson Education. Available at http//www.pearsonschoolsandfecolleges.co.uk/AssetsLibrary/SECTORS/ occupation/Sample%20pages%20(for%20Ed%20Supplier%20sites)/Newsamplecontentfor2010/BTECNationalHealthandSocialCare-SampleStudentBookMaterial.pdf Accessed 4 Feb. 2017.Erikson, E. H. (1959) Identity and the Life Cycle. New York International Universities Press.Learning-theories.com. (2017). play THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT (PIAGET). online Available at https//www.learning-theories.com/piagets-stage-theory-of-cognitive-development.html Accessed 4 Feb. 2017.Managing Change Five Basic Principles. (2017). 1st ed. ebook NHS North West Leadership Academy. Available at http//www.nwacademy.nhs.uk/sites/default/files/0f_1722011_managing_change_5_basic_principles.pdf Accessed 4 Feb. 2017.McLeod, S. (2017). Behaviorism Simply Psychology. online Simplypsychology.org. Available at http//www.simplypsychology.org/behaviorism.html Accessed 4 Feb. 2017.Schneiderman, N., Ironson, G. and D. Siegel, S. (2017). STRESS AND HEALTH Psychological, Behavioral, and Biological Determinants. Annual Review of clinical Psychology, 1, pp.607-628.